Crude Oil Fractions & Their Uses | Organic Chemistry | Chemistry | FuseSchool

FuseSchool - Global Education
17 Oct 201304:06
EducationalLearning
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TLDRThis video script explains the process of fractional distillation used to separate hydrocarbons into fractions with similar boiling points. It highlights the uses of various fractions, from the smallest like refinery gas (propane, butane) for heating, to petrol for car engines, naphtha for cracking into alkenes for plastics, kerosene for jet engines, diesel for heavy vehicles, fuel oil and lubricating oil for industrial use, and bitumen for road construction. The script underscores the importance of crude oil as a valuable resource for a multitude of everyday products and fuels.

Takeaways
  • 🔬 Fractional distillation is a process used to separate hydrocarbons into fractions based on similar boiling points.
  • 🔝 The smallest hydrocarbon molecules, with 1 to 4 carbons, are collected as a gas at the top of the fractionating column and are known as refinery gas or bottled gas.
  • 🔥 Petrol, with a chain length of 5 to 7 carbons, is used as fuel in internal combustion engines due to its low boiling point and ease of ignition.
  • 🛢 Naphtha is a source of organic molecules that can be cracked to produce more fuels or form alkenes, which are used to make polymers and plastics.
  • ✈️ Kerosene is a significant fuel for jet engines in aircraft and is also known as paraffin, used in lamps for lighting.
  • 🚚 Diesel is used in vehicles like cars, vans, and lorries, and ignites under compression rather than spark ignition like petrol.
  • 🏭 Residue fractions below diesel include fuel oil for power stations and ships, lubricating oil for reducing friction and preventing rust, and waxes for polishing surfaces.
  • 🛤️ Bitumen, the bottom fraction, is a thick black adhesive used for road surfacing and roofing due to its waterproofing properties.
  • 🌐 The importance of crude oil is highlighted by its role in fueling over 1 billion cars, powering millions of flights with kerosene, and providing materials for plastics and road surfacing.
  • 🔄 Crude oil contains many useful products that need to be separated from the mixture, demonstrating its value as a resource.
  • 📚 Understanding the uses of each main fraction from crude oil separation helps appreciate its significance in various industries and everyday life.
Q & A

  • What is the primary purpose of fractional distillation in the context of hydrocarbons?

    -Fractional distillation is used to separate hydrocarbons into fractions with similar boiling points, allowing for the extraction of different useful substances from crude oil.

  • What are the smallest molecules found in the fractionating column, and what is their common name?

    -The smallest molecules, which are between 1 and 4 carbons in length, are known as refinery gas or bottled gas due to their low boiling point and the ability to be stored under high pressure in bottles.

  • Why is bottled gas, such as propane or butane, commonly used in household applications like barbeques or heaters?

    -Bottled gas is used because it can be easily stored and transported in pressurized bottles, making it convenient for various household applications that require a portable fuel source.

  • What is the role of petrol in the automotive industry, and what is its carbon chain length?

    -Petrol, which has a carbon chain length between 5-7, is used as a fuel in the internal combustion engines of cars due to its ability to vaporize at a low temperature and ignite easily.

  • How is naphtha utilized in the production of fuels and other organic compounds?

    -Naphtha is a valuable source of organic molecules that can be cracked to produce more fuels or form alkenes, which can then be turned into polymers for the creation of plastics.

  • What is the significance of kerosene as a fuel for aircraft and its common household use?

    -Kerosene is important as a fuel for jet engines in aircraft and some rockets. It is also known as paraffin and is commonly used in paraffin lamps for lighting in certain parts of the world.

  • How does the ignition process of diesel differ from that of petrol in engines?

    -Diesel ignites under compression rather than through spark ignition like petrol, making it less volatile and suitable for use in vehicles such as cars, vans, and lorries.

  • What are the main uses of the residue fractions found below diesel in the fractionating column?

    -The residue fractions below diesel include fuel oil, used in power stations and ships, lubricating oil, which reduces friction and protects surfaces from rust, and waxes used for polishing surfaces.

  • What is bitumen, and how is it used in construction and road maintenance?

    -Bitumen is the thick black adhesive found at the very bottom of the fractionating column. It is used for road surfacing, either as a finish or combined with stone chippings to create a solid, resistant material, and also for waterproofing roofs.

  • Why is crude oil considered a valuable resource, and how is it connected to everyday products and transportation?

    -Crude oil is valuable because it contains many useful products that can be separated and used in a wide range of applications, including fuel for over 1 billion cars, kerosene for millions of flights per year, plastics for products and packaging, and bitumen for road surfacing and maintenance.

  • What is the main takeaway from the lesson on the importance of crude oil and its fractions?

    -The lesson emphasizes the significance of crude oil as a resource that, once separated into its main fractions, contributes to various aspects of modern life, including transportation, manufacturing, and construction.

Outlines
00:00
🔬 Fractional Distillation of Hydrocarbons

This paragraph introduces the process of fractional distillation, which is used to separate hydrocarbons based on their boiling points. It explains that larger hydrocarbons with higher boiling points are removed from the bottom of the fractionating column, while smaller molecules condense higher up. The paragraph then lists various fractions, starting with the smallest, such as refinery gas or bottled gas, which includes propane and butane used for heating and barbecuing. It also mentions petrol, which is useful as fuel for internal combustion engines, and naphtha, which is a source for cracking to produce more fuels or alkenes for polymers and plastics. The paragraph further details the uses of kerosene as a fuel for aircraft and in lamps, diesel as a fuel for vehicles that use compression ignition, and the various applications of the residue fractions like fuel oil, lubricating oil, waxes, and bitumen in power stations, ships, and road construction.

Mindmap
Keywords
💡Fractional Distillation
Fractional distillation is a process used to separate mixtures of liquids with different boiling points. In the context of the video, it is crucial for separating hydrocarbons into fractions. The script explains how this process is utilized in a fractionating column to isolate different hydrocarbon fractions, which are essential for various industrial and consumer applications.
💡Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons are organic compounds consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon atoms. They are the primary components of crude oil and natural gas. The video script discusses how hydrocarbons with varying molecular sizes and boiling points are separated through fractional distillation, highlighting their importance in producing various fuels and materials.
💡Refinery Gas
Refinery gas, also known as bottled gas, is a fraction of hydrocarbons consisting of the smallest molecules, typically with 1 to 4 carbons in length. The script mentions that this fraction has a low boiling point and is often stored under high pressure in bottles, used for heating and barbecuing, with propane and butane being common examples.
💡Petrol
Petrol, or gasoline, is a hydrocarbon fraction with a chain length between 5 to 7 carbons. It is easily ignitable due to its low vaporization temperature, making it an ideal fuel for internal combustion engines in vehicles. The script emphasizes its role as a widely used transportation fuel.
💡Naphtha
Naphtha is a fraction of hydrocarbons that, while not as useful as a direct fuel, serves as a valuable source of organic molecules. The script explains that naphtha can be cracked to produce more fuels or alkenes, which are then used to create polymers and plastics, highlighting its indirect but significant role in the production of everyday materials.
💡Alkenes
Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons containing carbon-carbon double bonds. The video script describes how alkenes, derived from naphtha, can be polymerized to form plastics, which are ubiquitous in modern life for a wide range of applications, from packaging to construction materials.
💡Kerosene
Kerosene is a hydrocarbon fraction with a higher boiling point than petrol and is used as a fuel for jet engines and some rockets. The script also mentions its alternative name, Paraffin, and its traditional use in lamps for lighting, illustrating its versatility as an energy source.
💡Diesel
Diesel is a hydrocarbon fraction that is less volatile than petrol and is used as a fuel in vehicles like cars, vans, and lorries. The script explains that diesel ignites under compression rather than spark ignition, which is a key characteristic distinguishing it from petrol.
💡Residue Fractions
Residue fractions are the heavier, larger hydrocarbon molecules that remain after the lighter fractions have been separated. The script discusses two main types: fuel oil, used in power stations and ships, and lubricating oil, which reduces friction and protects surfaces from rust. These fractions are crucial for industrial applications and machinery operation.
💡Bitumen
Bitumen is the thick, black, adhesive fraction obtained from the bottom of the fractionating column. The script describes its use in road construction, both as a surface finish and combined with stone chippings to create a durable material, as well as its application in roofing due to its waterproofing properties.
💡Crude Oil
Crude oil is the raw material from which all the mentioned fractions are derived. The video script emphasizes the vast number of cars, flights, and plastic products that rely on crude oil, illustrating its fundamental role as a valuable resource for energy, transportation, and manufacturing.
Highlights

Fractional distillation is used to separate hydrocarbons into fractions with similar boiling points.

Large hydrocarbons with high boiling points are removed at the bottom of the fractionating column.

Smaller molecules condense higher up the column and are the first fractions to be removed.

Refinery gas or bottled gas consists of the smallest molecules with low boiling points, stored under high pressure.

Propane and butane are examples of refinery gas, used for barbeques and heaters.

Petrol, with 5-7 carbons, is a small chain hydrocarbon useful as a fuel for car engines.

Naphtha is a source of organic molecules for cracking to produce more fuels or form alkenes.

Alkenes can be turned into polymers, which are used to make plastics in everyday life.

Kerosene is used as a fuel for jet engines in aircraft and some rockets, and as a fuel in lamps.

Diesel is a common fuel for cars, vans, and lorries, igniting under compression rather than spark.

Residue fractions below diesel include fuel oil for power stations and ships, and lubricating oil.

Waxes are used for polishing surfaces and are part of the residue fractions.

Bitumen, the bottom fraction, is used for road surfacing and has waterproofing properties.

Over 1 billion cars in the world use petroleum as fuel, highlighting crude oil's importance.

Millions of flights per year burn kerosene, demonstrating its widespread use in aviation.

The mass production of plastic and its packaging is another significant application of crude oil.

Bitumen is essential for surfacing and resurfacing roads globally.

Crude oil contains many useful products that require separation from the mixture.

Transcripts

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Fractional DistillationHydrocarbonsRefinery GasBottled GasPetrolNaphthaAlkenesPolymersKeroseneDieselFuel OilLubricating OilWaxesBitumenCrude OilEnergy ResourcesPlasticsTransportation FuelIndustrial UsesChemical Processing