Sea-Based EMPIRES ESTABLISHED [AP World History Review—Unit 4 Topic 4]

Heimler's History
27 Nov 202309:27
EducationalLearning
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TLDRThe video script discusses the establishment of Maritime Empires by European states, driven by the motives of gold, god, and glory. It highlights the Portuguese and Spanish's initial strategies in establishing trading posts and colonies, the Dutch's rapid rise to dominance in the Indian Ocean trade, and the British eventual colonial rule in India. The script also addresses the continuity and change in the Indian Ocean trade, the resistance from Asian states like Japan and China, and the impact of European domination on African states like the Assante Empire and the Kingdom of Congo. Furthermore, it explores the labor systems in the Americas, including the introduction of race-based chattel slavery and the exploitation of indigenous peoples.

Takeaways
  • 🌍 European states expanded their maritime empires driven by the motives of gold, god, and glory, leading to intense rivalries.
  • 🚢 The Portuguese established a trading post empire around Africa and the Indian Ocean, using heavily armed ships to dominate trade routes.
  • 🏴‍☯️ The Spanish, unlike the Portuguese, focused on establishing full-blown colonies and employed tribute systems, taxation, and coerced labor similar to their practices in the Americas.
  • 🇳🇱 The Dutch managed to overthrow the Portuguese and became the dominant power in the Indian Ocean trade, using similar methods to establish their control.
  • 🇬🇧 Initially, the British established trading posts along the Indian coast but later transformed them into full-blown colonial rule in the 18th century.
  • 🔄 Despite European domination, there was significant continuity in the Indian Ocean trade network, with Asian merchants continuing to thrive alongside the Europeans.
  • 🇯🇵 Tokugawa Japan resisted European intrusion by expelling Christian missionaries and suppressing the faith to prevent cultural fracturing.
  • 🇨🇳 Ming China attempted to resist European dominance by implementing isolationist trade policies, which ultimately led to their exclusion from the growing European influence in the Indian Ocean.
  • 🛡️ The Asante Empire in West Africa and the Kingdom of Congo enriched themselves through trade with Europeans, which allowed them to expand their power and resist colonization.
  • 🌽 In the Americas, European colonial economies relied on agriculture, introducing and adapting labor systems such as chattel slavery, indentured servitude, encomienda, and hacienda systems.
Q & A

  • What were the primary motivations behind the establishment of European Maritime Empires?

    -The primary motivations for European states to establish Maritime Empires were to acquire wealth (Gold), spread Christianity (God), and achieve global dominance and prestige (Glory).

  • How did the Portuguese establish their dominance in the Indian Ocean trade?

    -The Portuguese established their dominance by leveraging their heavily armed caravels and carracks to overpower lightly armed merchant ships in the region, thus controlling the trade network through force.

  • What was the difference between the Portuguese and Spanish approaches to colonization?

    -While the Portuguese focused on establishing small trading posts, the Spanish aimed to create full-blown colonies and employed methods such as tribute systems, taxation, and coerced labor, similar to their practices in the Americas.

  • How did the Dutch manage to quickly depose the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean trade?

    -The Dutch used advanced flintlock muskets and effective military strategies to overthrow the Portuguese, becoming the new dominant power in the Indian Ocean trade.

  • What was the impact of European domination on the existing trade networks in the Indian Ocean?

    -Although European domination introduced significant changes, there was also continuity as Middle Eastern, South Asian, East Asian, and Southeast Asian merchants continued to use the trade network, and their profits increased due to the European entrance.

  • What were two examples of resistance against European intrusion in the Indian Ocean trade?

    -Tokugawa Japan expelled Christian missionaries and suppressed Christianity to prevent cultural fracturing, while Ming China implemented isolationist trade policies that limited European influence.

  • How did the Assante Empire in West Africa benefit from its partnership with Europeans?

    -The Assante Empire became very wealthy by providing goods like gold, ivory, and enslaved laborers to Europeans, which enabled them to expand their military and consolidate power in the region.

  • What were the four new labor systems introduced in the Americas by Europeans?

    -The four new labor systems were race-based chattel slavery, indentured servitude, the encomienda system, and the hacienda system.

  • How did the transatlantic slave trade differ from previous forms of slavery in the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean?

    -The transatlantic slave trade was characterized by a focus on difficult agricultural work, a higher ratio of male slaves, a much larger scale, and the identification of slavery with Blackness, which justified brutal treatment of enslaved people.

  • What was the role of enslaved women and girls in the Islamic world?

    -In the Islamic world, enslaved women and girls were primarily used as domestic servants in households, a role for which there was a high demand.

  • How did the racial component of the Atlantic slave trade impact the perception and treatment of enslaved people?

    -The racial component of the Atlantic slave trade led to the dehumanization of Black people, justifying the brutal treatment of enslaved individuals and allowing plantation owners to treat them with violence while maintaining a clear conscience.

Outlines
00:00
🏛️ European Maritime Empires and their Motivations

This paragraph discusses the establishment of European Maritime Empires and their motives. It explains how European states transitioned from initial sea-based trading networks in the Indian Ocean to full-scale empire building. The driving forces behind this shift are summarized as the pursuit of gold, the spread of Christianity, and the desire for global dominance. The paragraph also introduces the Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, and British empires, highlighting their distinct methods of asserting control over trade networks and establishing their dominance.

05:01
🌍 Impact of European Dominance on Global Trade and Resistance

This paragraph explores the impact of European dominance on the Indian Ocean trade, emphasizing both the significant changes and continuities that emerged. It notes that while Europeans sought to control the trade, long-established merchants from the Middle East, South Asia, and East Asia continued their activities, even benefiting from the increased profits. The paragraph also discusses resistance to European intrusion, citing examples from Tokugawa Japan and Ming China, where efforts were made to maintain autonomy and resist European influence. Additionally, it touches on the rise of African states like the Assante Empire and the Kingdom of Congo due to their strategic partnerships with European traders.

Mindmap
Keywords
💡Maritime Empires
Maritime Empires refer to the powerful states that established their dominance and control over the seas and international trade routes. In the video, European states like Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands, and Britain are discussed as they developed maritime empires to expand their influence, acquire wealth, and spread their religion.
💡Gold, God, and Glory
These three concepts summarize the primary motivations behind the establishment of European maritime empires. Gold refers to the pursuit of wealth, God to the spread of Christianity, and Glory to the desire for prestige and status on the global stage. The video emphasizes that these motivations led to intense rivalry and competition among European states.
💡Trading Post Empire
A trading post empire is a type of colonial empire primarily focused on establishing trading posts in foreign territories rather than full-blown colonies. The Portuguese are noted for pioneering this approach in the Indian Ocean, using their naval power to control trade and amass wealth.
💡Colonial Rule
Colonial rule refers to the control and administration of a colony by a more powerful nation. In the context of the video, it describes how European states like Spain and later Britain established direct governance over territories in the Americas and Asia, often exploiting the local populations and resources.
💡Dutch Flouts
Dutch Flouts, also known as fluyts, were cargo ships designed by the Dutch for the efficient transport of goods. These ships played a significant role in the Dutch becoming the dominant maritime power in the Indian Ocean trade, as they could carry large quantities of cargo, which was crucial for trade dominance.
💡Tokugawa Japan
Tokugawa Japan refers to the period of Japanese history when the Tokugawa shogunate ruled the country, from 1603 to 1868. The video discusses how Japan initially engaged in trade with Europeans but later resisted this influence due to concerns about cultural fragmentation and the spread of Christianity.
💡Ming China
Ming China refers to the era of Chinese history when the Ming Dynasty was in power, from 1368 to 1644. The video explains how the Ming Dynasty initially engaged in maritime trade, exemplified by the voyages of Zheng He, but later adopted isolationist policies that limited sea-based trade and interactions with Europeans.
💡Assante Empire
The Assante Empire was a powerful West African state known for its wealth and military might. The empire became a key trading partner with Europeans, providing goods like gold, ivory, and enslaved laborers, which significantly increased its economic power and allowed it to resist European colonization for an extended period.
💡Kingdom of Congo
The Kingdom of Congo was an African state that established strong diplomatic ties with Portuguese traders, primarily to obtain gold and copper. The kingdom's rulers converted to Christianity, and the economic connection with Portugal enriched the state, despite the eventual deterioration of their relationship.
💡Indentured Servitude
Indentured servitude was a labor system in which individuals agreed to work for a set period, usually several years, in exchange for certain benefits, such as passage to the colonies. This system was used by poorer Europeans to pay for their travel to the Americas and provided a source of labor for the growing colonial economies.
💡Encomienda System
The encomienda system was a form of forced labor used by the Spanish in their American colonies. Indigenous Americans were required to work for Spanish colonists in exchange for food and protection. This system, while presented as a form of feudalism, was essentially a form of slavery and was used to exploit the labor of indigenous peoples.
Highlights

European states began establishing maritime empires motivated by gold, god, and glory.

Portuguese were the first to establish a trading post empire around Africa and the Indian Ocean.

Spanish set up their base in the Philippines and established colonies using tribute systems, taxation, and coerced labor.

Dutch used their advanced fluits to quickly depose the Portuguese and become the dominant power in the Indian Ocean trade.

British initially set up trading posts along the Indian coast due to lack of sufficient military power.

European domination introduced significant change and continuity in the Indian Ocean trade network.

Asian merchants like the Gujaratis and the Mugal Empire continued to use the Indian Ocean trade network despite European intrusion.

Tokugawa Japan resisted European influence by expelling Christian missionaries and suppressing the faith.

Ming China attempted to resist European dominance by implementing isolationist trade policies.

Assante Empire in West Africa became wealthy through trade with Europeans, enabling military expansion and power consolidation.

Kingdom of Congo enriched itself through diplomatic ties and trade with Portuguese, leading to a massive increase in state wealth.

Colonial economies in the Americas were largely structured around agriculture, requiring significant labor.

Spanish adapted the Inca Mita system for their silver mining operations in the Americas.

New labor systems introduced in the Americas included race-based chattel slavery, indentured servitude, encomienda, and hacienda systems.

The Atlantic slave trade was characterized by its racial component, heritability, and the massive scale of enslaved Africans.

Enslaved Africans in the Islamic world often became domestic servants, and some could hold significant military or political positions.

The rise of maritime empires did not stop the African slave trade, which was a regular feature in Mediterranean and Indian Ocean networks.

The transatlantic slave trade was unique in its focus on difficult agricultural work, leading to a demographic shift favoring male slaves.

The brutality of slavery in the Americas was justified by the dehumanization of Black people, allowing for violent treatment.

Transcripts

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EuropeanExpansionMaritimeEmpiresGlobalTradeColonialResistanceAfricanEmpiresPortugueseDominanceSpanishColoniesDutchAscendancyBritishStrugglesSlaveryEvolution