Bipolar Disorder Type 1 vs Type 2 | Risk Factors, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

This paragraph introduces the topic of bipolar disorders, specifically focusing on Type 1 and Type 2. It outlines the aim of the lesson, which is to discuss risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options. The paragraph explains that these are chronic mood disorders characterized by manic or hypomanic episodes and often associated with major depressive episodes. The distinction between bipolar and unipolar depression is highlighted, with the former involving both poles of the emotional spectrum. Epidemiological data is provided, indicating that both genders are equally affected, and the typical onset age is during adolescence or early adulthood. Risk factors such as family history, early onset of major depressive episodes, advanced paternal age, and stressful childhood experiences are mentioned.

This section delves into the specifics of diagnosing bipolar disorders using the DSM-5 criteria. It explains the criteria for a manic episode, which includes a distinct period of elevated, expansive, or irritable mood, lasting more than a week and causing significant impairment or necessitating hospitalization. The paragraph details the B criteria for a manic episode, which requires the presence of three or more symptoms such as inflated self-esteem, decreased need for sleep, talkativeness, racing thoughts, distractibility, increased goal-directed activity, and involvement in pleasurable activities with painful consequences. The importance of excluding substance-induced or medication-induced episodes is emphasized, as well as the absence of psychotic features unless they are part of another disorder.

This paragraph clarifies the difference between manic and hypomanic episodes. A hypomanic episode is described as a shorter-duration version of a manic episode, lasting between four to seven days, without causing significant impairment in daily functioning or requiring hospitalization. The paragraph also provides mnemonics to remember the symptoms of a manic episode, such as 'GST Paid' and 'Big Fast,' which help in identifying the criteria for diagnosis. The distinction between bipolar I and II disorders is made clear, with bipolar I characterized by at least one manic episode and bipolar II by at least one hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode.

The paragraph discusses the treatment of bipolar disorders, emphasizing the importance of lifestyle modifications, psychoeducation, and safety planning. It outlines the pharmacological treatments, including mood stabilizers such as lithium, valproate, and carbamazepine, which are used to treat and prevent mania. The use of antidepressants is cautioned against due to the risk of inducing manic episodes. For bipolar depression, options like lithium, lamotrigine, lurasidone, and quetiapine (the 'four L's') are suggested. In refractory cases, electroconvulsive therapy may be considered. The paragraph also highlights the role of psychological therapies and the importance of follow-up to manage the high rates of recurrence and suicidality.

In conclusion, the paragraph encourages viewers to seek more information on related topics such as major depressive disorder and adjustment disorders through the provided psychiatric playlist. It emphasizes the importance of staying informed and connected with the channel through likes, subscriptions, and notifications to receive updates on future lessons. The speaker thanks the viewers for their attention and expresses hope for their return in the next session.