JWST Finds Something Unusual Inside GN-z11, a Galaxy at the Edge of the Universe

Anton Petrov
10 Mar 202412:02
EducationalLearning
32 Likes 10 Comments

TLDRThe video discusses the Galaxy GN z11, the farthest galaxy known to humanity as of 2015, which contains a supermassive black hole and is a prime subject for cosmological studies. Recent observations from the James Webb Space Telescope have revealed a high concentration of ionized helium gas, suggesting the possible existence of primordial population three stars. The black hole, with a mass of 2 million solar masses, is a significant discovery, shedding light on the early universe's mysteries.

Takeaways
  • ๐ŸŒŒ The Galaxy GN z11, discovered in 2015, was the farthest galaxy known at the time, existing approximately 13.4 billion years ago, or 400 million years after the Big Bang.
  • ๐Ÿ” GN z11 is relatively small, about 4% the size of the Milky Way and contains 1% of its mass, yet it's extremely bright and forms stars at least 20 times faster than the Milky Way.
  • ๐ŸŒ  The redshift of GN z11 is almost 11, indicating it is currently 32 billion light years away from us, after accounting for the expansion of the universe.
  • ๐Ÿ”ญ Recent studies using the James Webb Space Telescope have focused on spectroscopy to analyze the light passing through gases within GN z11, revealing the elements present and the structure of the gas in the galaxy.
  • ๐Ÿ’ซ Observations showed a high concentration of super dense gas in the galaxy's center, which is likely created by a supermassive black hole.
  • ๐Ÿ–ค The black hole in GN z11 is approximately 2 million solar masses, making it the farthest supermassive black hole ever observed, despite the galaxy's relatively small size.
  • ๐Ÿš€ The ionized elements observed were moving fast, suggesting they were being expelled from the galaxy by powerful galactic winds, further indicating the presence of a massive black hole.
  • ๐ŸŒŸ The James Webb Space Telescope also detected a large concentration of helium gas around GN z11, which could be evidence for the existence of primordial population three stars.
  • โœจ These population three stars are thought to be the first stars in the universe, made entirely of hydrogen and helium, and are extremely massive and hot, with short lifetimes.
  • ๐Ÿ” While the evidence for the existence of population three stars is strong, their detection remains challenging due to their expected short lifespans and the difficulty in capturing them in the brief period of their existence.
  • ๐Ÿ”ฎ The discovery of the helium clouds and the confirmed presence of a supermassive black hole in GN z11 make it one of the most exciting astronomical objects discovered in the past decade.
Q & A
  • What is the significance of Galaxy GN z11?

    -Galaxy GN z11 is significant because it was the farthest galaxy known to us, existing approximately 13.4 billion years ago, or about 400 million years after the Big Bang. It is one of the most studied distant galaxies, providing insights into cosmological mysteries.

  • What does the 'z11' in GN z11 represent?

    -The 'z11' in GN z11 represents the redshift of the galaxy, which is a measure of how much the light from the galaxy has been stretched towards the red end of the spectrum due to the expansion of the universe.

  • How does the size and mass of GN z11 compare to the Milky Way?

    -GN z11 is relatively small, being about 4% the size of the Milky Way and contains approximately 1% of the mass of the Milky Way. Despite its small size, it is extremely bright and forms stars at a rate at least 20 times faster than the Milky Way.

  • What recent discoveries have been made about GN z11 using the James Webb Space Telescope?

    -Recent studies using the James Webb Space Telescope have discovered a high concentration of super dense gas in the center of GN z11, which likely contains a supermassive black hole with a mass of about 2 million solar masses. Additionally, a large clump of helium gas was found, which could be evidence of primordial population three stars.

  • What is the significance of the supermassive black hole found in GN z11?

    -The supermassive black hole in GN z11 is significant because it is the farthest such black hole ever seen. Its discovery helps us understand the formation and evolution of black holes in the early universe, especially considering its massive size relative to the overall mass of the galaxy.

  • What is the Addington limit and how does the black hole in GN z11 relate to it?

    -The Addington limit is a theoretical limit on the luminosity of a black hole, beyond which the radiation pressure from the black hole would be strong enough to push matter away, preventing further accretion. The black hole in GN z11 is creating material at five times the normal limit, indicating it is extremely bright and actively accreting matter.

  • What are population three stars and why are they significant?

    -Population three stars are the hypothetical first generation of stars in the universe, composed entirely of hydrogen and helium with no heavier elements. They are significant because they are thought to have played a crucial role in the early universe's chemical enrichment and are associated with the reionization of the universe.

  • How does the helium clump found in GN z11 relate to the theory of population three stars?

    -The helium clump found in GN z11 supports the theory of population three stars because the concentrated helium gas could be the result of these primordial stars illuminating their surroundings. The ionized helium is particularly suggestive of the presence of such powerful, early stars.

  • What challenges do astronomers face in observing and confirming the existence of population three stars?

    -Astronomers face the challenge of these stars having extremely short lifetimes, possibly just a few thousand years, making it difficult to capture them in their active state. Additionally, the need to observe very specific regions of space with high-resolution telescopes like the James Webb Space Telescope is required to detect the faint signals from these distant, early stars.

  • What other evidence of population three stars was found in a different location?

    -Another potential evidence of population three stars was found in a stellar complex known as LAP One, which contains extremely ionized basic elements, suggesting the presence of very powerful, massive stars emitting a lot of ultraviolet light.

  • Why is the discovery of helium clouds ionized by population three stars important?

    -The discovery of ionized helium clouds is important because it supports the theory of population three stars and provides insights into the early stages of star formation in the universe. These stars are expected to be extremely bright and massive, with luminosities millions of times greater than our Sun, contributing significantly to the early universe's evolution.

Outlines
00:00
๐ŸŒŒ Discovery of the Distant Galaxy GN z11

The video begins by discussing the discovery of the distant galaxy GN z11, which was initially the farthest known galaxy to humanity. Identified by its redshift, GN z11 existed approximately 13.4 billion years ago, around 400 million years after the Big Bang. Despite being surpassed by another galaxy discovered by the James Webb Space Telescope, GN z11 remains a significant and well-studied galaxy. Recent studies have revealed exciting discoveries about this galaxy, contributing to our understanding of cosmological mysteries. The video introduces the topic and sets the stage for a deeper exploration of GN z11's characteristics and recent findings.

05:02
๐ŸŒ  Unraveling the Secrets of GN z11

This paragraph delves into the specifics of GN z11, revealing it to be a relatively small dwarf galaxy, yet extremely bright due to its rapid star formation rate. The James Webb Space Telescope's powerful capabilities have allowed scientists to study the galaxy's spectroscopy, which in turn has led to the discovery of a supermassive black hole at its center. The black hole, with a mass of approximately 2 million solar masses, is producing material at a rate exceeding the Eddington limit, making it incredibly luminous. The researchers have also identified high-velocity ionized elements, suggesting the presence of galactic winds powered by the active galactic nucleus. This section highlights the recent findings that have positioned GN z11 as a key player in understanding the early universe and the formation of supermassive black holes.

10:03
๐Ÿ’ซ Potential Evidence of Population III Stars

The final paragraph shifts focus to another discovery within GN z11โ€” a significant concentration of helium gas. This helium clump surrounding the galaxy supports the theory that these dense helium clumps could lead to the formation of Population III stars, the first generation of stars composed solely of hydrogen and helium. The James Webb Space Telescope's data has provided the strongest evidence yet for these primordial stars, with the helium clouds potentially being illuminated by these extremely bright and massive stars. The video discusses the implications of this discovery, suggesting that if these helium clouds are indeed lit up by Population III stars, then these stars must be incredibly luminous, with a single star being around 20 billion times more luminous than the Sun. The paragraph concludes by emphasizing the significance of these findings and the ongoing search for direct evidence of Population III stars.

Mindmap
Potential Population III Stars
Galactic Winds
Supermassive Black Hole
Brightness and Star Formation
Size and Mass
Current Status
Redshift
Initial Discovery
Helium Clumps
Population III Stars
Formation of GN z11
Other Discoveries
Contributions to GN z11 Research
Observational Capabilities
Recent Discoveries
Physical Characteristics
Discovery and Significance
Cosmological Mysteries and Theories
James Webb Space Telescope
Galaxy GN z11
Galaxy GN z11 and Cosmological Mysteries
Alert
Keywords
๐Ÿ’กGalaxy GN z11
Galaxy GN z11 is a very distant galaxy that was originally discovered in 2015 and was the farthest known galaxy at the time. It is identified by its redshift value, z11, which indicates its extreme distance from us. The galaxy is approximately 13.4 billion years old, forming around 400 million years after the Big Bang. Despite being relatively small, it is extremely bright and forms stars at a rapid rate, making it an extreme ex luminous object visible from vast distances. Its discovery and study have contributed to our understanding of cosmological mysteries.
๐Ÿ’กRedshift
Redshift is a term used in astronomy to describe the phenomenon where the light from an object is stretched to longer wavelengths as it moves away from us. This is a key concept in understanding the expansion of the universe and the distances to celestial objects. In the context of the video, the redshift of GN z11 is almost 11, indicating that the galaxy is extremely distant, approximately 32 billion light years away from us.
๐Ÿ’กDwarf Galaxy
A dwarf galaxy is a small galaxy, typically containing relatively few stars compared to larger galaxies like the Milky Way. Despite its small size and relatively low mass, the video describes GN z11 as a dwarf galaxy that is surprisingly bright and active in star formation. This term is used to illustrate the contrast between the galaxy's size and its extraordinary properties.
๐Ÿ’กSpectroscopic Observations
Spectroscopic observations involve the study of the interaction of light with matter, specifically how light changes as it passes through various gases. This technique is used by astronomers to determine the composition and structure of celestial objects, such as galaxies. In the video, observations from the James Webb Space Telescope are used to study the spectroscopy of GN z11, revealing the presence of various elements and the overall structure of gas within the galaxy.
๐Ÿ’กSupermassive Black Hole
A supermassive black hole is an extremely large black hole, typically found at the centers of galaxies, with masses ranging from millions to billions of times the mass of our Sun. The video discusses the discovery of a supermassive black hole in GN z11, estimated to be approximately 2 million solar masses. This discovery is significant as it provides evidence of the farthest supermassive black hole ever seen, suggesting the presence of vigorous activity in the galaxy's center.
๐Ÿ’กEddington Limit
The Eddington limit, named after British astrophysicist Arthur Eddington, is the theoretical maximum luminosity a celestial object can achieve when there is a balance between the force of radiation acting outward and the gravitational force acting inward. The video mentions that the black hole in GN z11 is producing material at five times the normal limit, indicating that it is so bright that the radiation pressure counteracts gravity, making it one of the brightest objects in the universe.
๐Ÿ’กGalactic Winds
Galactic winds are powerful streams of gas and dust that are expelled from a galaxy, often by an active galactic nucleus or a supermassive black hole. In the context of GN z11, the script describes how the James Webb Space Telescope's observations revealed ionized elements moving at high speeds, suggesting the presence of galactic winds being expelled from the galaxy by the central supermassive black hole.
๐Ÿ’กHelium Clumps
Helium clumps refer to dense concentrations of helium gas found in space. The video discusses a significant discovery of a large clump of helium surrounding GN z11, which is intriguing because such dense helium clumps are thought to be associated with the formation of Population III stars, the first generation of stars in the universe composed primarily of hydrogen and helium.
๐Ÿ’กPopulation III Stars
Population III stars are theoretical first-generation stars that would have formed in the early universe, composed almost entirely of hydrogen and helium, with trace amounts of lithium. These stars are of great interest to astronomers as they are believed to have played a crucial role in the early stages of the universe's evolution. The video highlights that the discovery of helium clumps in GN z11 could potentially be evidence for these primordial stars, as the helium may have been ionized by the intense radiation from these stars.
๐Ÿ’กDirect Collapse
Direct collapse is a process in the early universe where gas clouds collapse directly under their own gravity to form massive objects without going through a stage of star formation. This is hypothesized to be the formation mechanism for Population III stars, which would have resulted in extremely massive, hot objects with short lifetimes. The video suggests that the helium clumps found in GN z11 may have formed through direct collapse, leading to the creation of these first-generation stars.
๐Ÿ’กJames Webb Space Telescope
The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a highly advanced space telescope designed to observe the universe in the infrared spectrum. It is noted for its ability to see distant objects with unprecedented clarity. In the video, the JWST is credited with providing detailed observations of GN z11, including the discovery of the supermassive black hole and the helium clumps, which have significantly contributed to our understanding of the early universe.
Highlights

The Galaxy GN z11, originally discovered in 2015, was the farthest galaxy known at the time, with a redshift of z11.

GN z11 existed approximately 13.4 billion years ago, or about 400 million years after the Big Bang.

Despite being smaller than the Milky Way, GN z11 is extremely bright and forms stars at least 20 times faster.

The galaxy is visible from Earth due to its high luminosity, despite being 32 billion light years away.

Recent studies using the James Webb Space Telescope have provided new insights into GN z11's composition and structure.

Spectroscopic observations reveal the presence of various gases within the galaxy, including a high concentration of super dense gas in the center.

The center of GN z11 contains a supermassive black hole with a mass of approximately 2 million solar masses.

The black hole in GN z11 is pushing out material at an impressive rate, creating powerful galactic winds.

The discovery of the supermassive black hole in GN z11 confirms it as the farthest such object ever seen.

GN z11's black hole is surprisingly massive given the galaxy's relatively small size and mass.

The stars in GN z11 are estimated to be only about 40 million years old, suggesting a rapid formation of the galaxy and its black hole.

James Webb data has also identified a large concentration of helium gas surrounding GN z11, which could be evidence of primordial population three stars.

Population three stars are hypothesized to be the first stars in the universe, composed solely of hydrogen and helium.

The helium clumps near GN z11 could indicate the presence of these extremely massive and luminous primordial stars.

These primordial stars are expected to have short lifetimes, potentially only a few thousand years, and end their lives in massive explosions.

The detection of ionized helium clouds around GN z11 supports the theory of population three stars illuminating their surroundings.

The luminosity of these primordial stars is estimated to be around 20 billion times that of our Sun.

While the evidence for population three stars is strong, future studies and observations are needed for confirmation.

GN z11 remains one of the most exciting and studied distant galaxies due to its unique characteristics and the insights it provides into early cosmic history.

Transcripts
00:00

So today we're going to go back and talk

00:01

about a very exciting Galaxy that was

00:04

originally discovered back in 2015 back

00:07

then this was the farthest galaxy known

00:10

to us the Galaxy GN z11 and the z11 here

00:15

stands for the red shift the red shift

00:17

of this galaxy back then made it the

00:20

farthest object we've ever seen existing

00:22

approximately 13.4 billion years ago or

00:26

approximately 400 million years after

00:28

the big bang and although since then

00:30

James web Space Telescope discovered

00:33

something that's even a little bit

00:34

farther even today gnz11 is still one of

00:38

the most exciting and most studied

00:40

distant galaxies ever and as you're

00:42

going to learn in this video there have

00:44

been a few really exciting discoveries

00:46

coming out of this galaxy taking us a

00:48

little bit closer to solving a few

00:51

cosmological Mysteries and so hello

00:53

wonderful person this is Anton let's

00:55

discuss this galaxy once again talk

00:57

about some of the more recent

00:58

discoveries that came out out of two

01:00

separate studies and of course talk

01:01

about why some of these discoveries are

01:03

kind of important but first so exactly

01:07

what is this well based on some of the

01:09

preliminary discoveries we know that

01:11

this galaxy is about 4% the size of the

01:13

Milky Way and contains about 1% of the

01:16

mass so it's actually relatively small

01:18

technically a dwarf Galaxy but it's also

01:21

ridiculously bright it's forming stars

01:24

at least 20 times as fast and is

01:26

producing an enormous amount of light

01:28

making this an extreme ex luminous

01:30

object visible from very far away how

01:33

far away well if you consider the

01:35

expansion of the universe 32 billion

01:37

light years away from us once again red

01:39

shift of almost 11 in comparison here's

01:43

what the record holder looks like the

01:45

one discovered by the James web this is

01:47

at a red shift of 13.2 and just a little

01:50

bit farther away 33.6 billion light

01:52

years and definitely does not look as

01:54

impressive or as bright actually at

01:56

least one study we' discussed previously

01:58

even suggested that maybe just maybe

02:00

this is not a Galaxy but instead some

02:02

kind of a dark star made out of

02:04

primordial dark matter you can learn

02:06

more about this in one of the videos in

02:08

the description but a lot of recent

02:09

studies actually focused on something a

02:11

little bit more detailed they used

02:13

observations from the James web to study

02:16

spectroscopy or in essence how the light

02:18

changes by passing through various gases

02:21

inside the Galaxy in order to reveal

02:23

what s of elements are inside but also

02:25

reconstruct the overall structure of gas

02:28

in the Galaxy potentially covering

02:30

certain Mysteries now because James web

02:32

is so powerful it's physically able to

02:34

see a lot of chunks of gas at really far

02:37

away distances and it can even tell us

02:39

what sort of gas this is and one of the

02:41

recent studies discovered that there's a

02:44

really high concentration of super dense

02:46

gas somewhere in the center and

02:48

specifically a very thick very dense gas

02:52

that seems to contain a lot of ionized

02:54

elements that are very likely created by

02:56

something extremely powerful with the

02:58

first Assumption of of course being a

03:00

super massive black hole but just seeing

03:03

gas was not enough so the researchers

03:05

behind the recent study decided to find

03:07

a few more clues so first of all in

03:09

order to ionize elements something

03:11

really powerful has to happen in the

03:13

vicinity but turns out that these

03:15

ionized elements were also moving really

03:17

fast approximately 800 to 1,000 km/s

03:21

compared to the rest of the Galaxy

03:23

suggesting that something was spewing

03:25

them out the only way to explain this

03:27

outf velocity is once again with the

03:29

massive black hole although here what

03:31

we're observing are the galactic winds

03:34

basically all of this gas being thrown

03:35

out of the Galaxy by a very powerful

03:38

active Galactic nucleus or active black

03:40

hole in the center that's transforming

03:42

everything inside the Galaxy through a

03:44

lot of vigorous activity right in the

03:46

middle and so here by analyzing the

03:48

speed of gas the total mass of gas and

03:51

by looking at the density in the center

03:53

the researchers discovered a few more

03:55

details about what it is a black hole

03:57

approximately 2 million solar masses in

03:59

mass that seems to be a creating

04:01

material five times the normal limit

04:04

what we refer to as the Addington limit

04:06

which basically means that it's so

04:08

ridiculously bright that the light

04:10

produced by the black hole sort of

04:11

pushes everything out of the system even

04:14

counteracting gravity and because in

04:16

this case all of the spectroscopy or all

04:18

of the colors seem to indicate that this

04:20

is a black hole and nothing else it

04:22

actually means that we've now officially

04:24

have the farthest super massive black

04:26

hole ever seen But since it's about 2

04:29

million sore masses or approximately

04:31

half the mass of the one in the Milky

04:33

Way galaxy it is a little bit surprising

04:35

I mean since this galaxy is only 1% the

04:37

mass of the Milky Way but contains such

04:40

a huge black hole it's not entirely

04:42

clear how all this could have formed so

04:44

quick here it's believed that the stars

04:46

are only about 40 million years old and

04:48

so that means that all of this possibly

04:50

formed really quickly but James web

04:52

might have actually solved one of these

04:54

mysteries of ancient black holes in one

04:56

of the recent studies that you can learn

04:58

more about in one of the videos in you

04:59

description and so anyway looks like we

05:01

have the most distant active black hole

05:04

ever seen but this wasn't the only

05:06

Discovery coming from the Galaxy and

05:08

coming from that James web data here he

05:10

was also able to analyze other gas

05:12

clouds specifically various colums

05:15

surround in the Galaxy not really in the

05:17

center and intriguingly what they found

05:19

was a huge concentration of helium gas

05:23

actually a huge clump of helium that

05:25

seems to surround gnz11 and since

05:28

there's only hel I and hydrogen forming

05:31

extremely dense clumps this kind of

05:33

corresponds to a really intriguing

05:35

proposition from a few years ago an idea

05:38

that a lot of these helium clums very

05:40

likely eventually result in population

05:42

three stars the mysterious primordial

05:45

first stars in the universe made

05:47

entirely out of hydrogen and helium and

05:50

nothing else and one of the primary

05:52

missions for the James web is to try to

05:54

find evidence for these stars or even

05:57

better actually see them somewhere but

05:59

so far evidence has been kind of sparse

06:02

this though is the best evidence we have

06:05

these tiny concentrated pockets of

06:07

helium extremely close to a massive

06:09

galaxy in the first billion years is

06:12

actually how the scientists expect

06:13

population three stars formed through

06:15

the process of direct collapse of all of

06:17

these clouds into these really massive

06:20

super hot objects objects that would be

06:22

at least 500 s masses in mass and

06:25

possibly up to several thousand masses

06:28

with all of them burn with extreme heat

06:30

and very likely just exploding

06:32

completely once they become unstable and

06:34

so these are definitely not like any

06:36

stars around us and will be something

06:38

very extreme extremely huge in size and

06:41

producing massive explosions but because

06:44

their lifetime is expected to be really

06:46

really short possibly just a few

06:47

thousand years or maybe even shorter

06:50

trying to capture that one frame where

06:52

many of them existed has been so far

06:54

really difficult and so basically here

06:57

we either find gas before this start has

06:59

formed or in some cases fine gas that

07:02

seems to indicate Supernova from these

07:04

Stars something we actually discussed in

07:06

one of the recent videos about a

07:08

potential Discovery right here in the

07:09

Milky Way so yeah there was a star found

07:11

here that must have been created from a

07:13

supernova from one of these stars but

07:15

trying to find evidence of the actual

07:17

Stars still existing so far has been

07:20

very difficult but since a lot of these

07:23

very thick clouds of helium potentially

07:25

existed for millions of years after the

07:27

big bang chances are there were several

07:29

periods during which these unusual Stars

07:31

could have formed and so one day we

07:33

might actually find one of them as long

07:35

as we keep looking but what's actually

07:37

exciting about this discovery of these

07:39

helium clouds is that some of them are

07:41

once again ionized and ionized helium

07:44

specifically the one that's seen in this

07:46

case has always been believed to be a

07:48

sign of population three stars

07:50

Illuminating the clouds around them and

07:52

intriguingly if this is correct and if

07:54

these are indeed clouds illuminated by

07:57

these super powerful stars then these

07:59

stars must be super bright the

08:02

Luminosity for a single star here is

08:04

approximately 20 billion times higher

08:06

than the Sun so yeah let me repeat that

08:08

again 20 billion times more luminous

08:11

than our sun and that makes it a

08:13

ridiculously bright object and so unless

08:15

there's another explanation for why

08:16

these helium clouds are the way they are

08:19

right now this seems to be the best

08:21

evidence we have for the existence of

08:22

primordial population three stars

08:25

although technically there was another

08:26

study from a few months ago the

08:28

potential found signs of these

08:30

population three stars in a different

08:32

location this was from a stellar complex

08:34

known as lap one which is an acronym for

08:37

L and pristine pristine because it

08:40

doesn't seem to contain anything except

08:42

for very basic elements but

08:44

interestingly a lot of these elements

08:46

are extremely ionized once again

08:48

suggesting something super super

08:50

powerful very likely with a lot of UV

08:52

light hiding somewh in the middle and so

08:55

back then in 2023 the researchers

08:57

believed that this is also the side of

08:59

population three stars that seem to be

09:01

present in some kind of a growing Galaxy

09:03

but the evidence was not as strong as

09:05

the evidence from gnz11 right now what

09:08

we're seeing from this distant Galaxy is

09:10

extremely difficult to argue with

09:12

there's basically no other explanation

09:14

for this in helium except for very very

09:17

powerful extremely massive stars

09:19

somewhere in the center and stars way

09:22

way too bright to be anything but huge

09:24

chunks of hydrogen and helium hundreds

09:26

of solar masses and mass but we're

09:28

probably not going to know more until

09:30

future studies and until future

09:32

observations for now this is going to

09:34

remain just a hypothesis but at least

09:36

the black hole in this galaxy has now

09:38

been officially confirmed basically

09:40

making this unusual Galaxy one of the

09:42

most exciting objects discovered in the

09:44

last 10 years but I'm sure we'll be

09:46

discussing this galaxy again because

09:48

even though it's no longer a record

09:49

holder due to its sheer size and its

09:52

Luminosity it's one of the easiest

09:54

objects to observe from these extreme

09:56

distances and so once the scientists

09:58

learn something else we'll come back and

10:00

talk more about this in some of the

10:01

future videos on that note thank you for

10:03

watching subscribe share this with

10:04

someone who L about space and Sciences

10:06

come back tomorrow to learn something

10:08

else support this channel on patreon by

10:09

doing Channel membership or by buying

10:11

the wonderful person t-shirt you can

10:13

find in the description stay wonderful

10:15

I'll see you tomorrow and as always

10:26

[Music]

10:28

bye-bye

10:37

[Music]

10:58

n