Period 5 APWH Review

Stephanie Gorges

30 Apr 201727:44

EducationalLearning

32 Likes 10 Comments

TLDRThe video script offers an in-depth review of Period 5, covering the years 1750 to 1900, with a focus on the Industrial Revolution and its profound impact on global capitalism. It delves into the reasons behind Britain's leadership in industrialization, highlighting the development of key technologies like the steam engine and the assembly line. The video also explores the environmental consequences of this era, such as the increased use of fossil fuels. It further examines the socio-economic shifts, including the rise of export industries and the influence of thinkers like Adam Smith and Karl Marx. The script discusses the responses to the Industrial Revolution in various parts of the world, including China, Japan, the Ottoman Empire, and Russia, and how these nations grappled with modernization and imperialism. Additionally, it touches on the significant changes in social structures, the rise of nationalism, and the global migration trends of the time, all within the context of the revolutionary changes that reshaped the world during this period.

Takeaways

🏭 **Industrial Revolution**: The period from 1750 to 1900 is marked by the Industrial Revolution, which drastically changed goods production from manual to machine-based, leading to significant global transformations.
🇬🇧 **Great Britain's Role**: Great Britain was the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution due to its commercialization, empire, agricultural innovations, and access to natural resources like coal, iron, and timber.
🔧 **Innovations and Machines**: Development of machines like the steam engine and the assembly line increased efficiency and production speed, which were pivotal to the Industrial Revolution.
🌱 **Environmental Impact**: The use of fossil fuels such as coal and oil for industrial purposes had a profound impact on the environment, marking a turning point in human history.
🛤️ **Transportation and Communication**: The Industrial Revolution brought about major changes in transportation with canals, railroads, and steamboats, and in communication with the telegraph and telephone.
🌐 **Global Economic Shifts**: The revolution led to the rise of export industries and economic dominance, with countries focusing on single natural resource exports, impacting traditional agrarian economies.
📚 **Economic Theories**: The period was influenced by economic thinkers like Adam Smith advocating laissez-faire capitalism and Karl Marx proposing a communist response to the inequalities of industrial capitalism.
🏛️ **Imperialism and Colonialism**: Imperialistic tendencies increased as industrialized nations sought new markets for their products and sources for raw materials, leading to events like the Scramble for Africa.
🗺️ **Nationalism and Revolutions**: The era was marked by various revolutions (American, French, Haitian, and Latin American) and a rise in nationalistic sentiments challenging absolute monarchies and colonial rule.
🧳 **Global Migration**: There was significant global migration during this period, driven by the search for work opportunities, improved transportation, and economic disparities, leading to shifts in demographics and cultural landscapes.
🏙️ **Urbanization and Social Changes**: The Industrial Revolution resulted in massive urbanization, new social structures, and changes in family dynamics, with an increase in women and child labor in factories.

Q & A

What is the primary focus of Key Concept 5.1 in the AP test review?
-The primary focus of Key Concept 5.1 is the Industrial Revolution and global class capitalism, emphasizing the shift from hand production to machine production and its significant impact on the world.
Why did the Industrial Revolution start in Great Britain?
-The Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain due to a combination of factors including commercialization, a large empire, agricultural innovations, population growth, geographical advantages such as abundant coal, iron, timber, and an extensive network of rivers and canals.
What are some of the key technological advancements that drove the Industrial Revolution?
-Key technological advancements included the steam engine, mechanical reaper, and the development of the assembly line, which increased efficiency and production speed.
How did the Industrial Revolution impact the environment?
-The Industrial Revolution led to increased use of fossil fuels like coal and oil, which had negative environmental impacts and marked a significant turning point in human use of natural resources.
What were the differences between the First and Second Industrial Revolutions?
-The First Industrial Revolution was characterized by the shift from hand production to machine production, with innovations like the steam engine. The Second Industrial Revolution focused on steel, chemicals, and electricity, representing further advancements in technology and production methods.
How did the Industrial Revolution affect global trade and export economies?
-The Industrial Revolution led to the rise of large export industries, with countries focusing on single natural resources for export, such as cotton in the United States, rubber in the Congo, and sugar in the Caribbean. This often resulted in economic dependency on industrialized nations.
Which economic philosophies emerged during the Industrial Revolution, and how did they contrast?
-Adam Smith's laissez-faire capitalism and Karl Marx's communism emerged as contrasting economic philosophies during the Industrial Revolution. Smith advocated for minimal government intervention in the economy, while Marx criticized capitalism and advocated for the communist manifesto, emphasizing the struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat.
What was the significance of the Berlin Conference of 1885 in the context of imperialism?
-The Berlin Conference of 1885 marked the beginning of the Scramble for Africa, where European powers agreed on rules for colonization and partitioned Africa among themselves, leading to increased imperialism and control over African territories.
How did the Enlightenment thinkers influence the revolutions of the period?
-Enlightenment thinkers like John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Montesquieu, and Voltaire influenced the revolutions of the period by challenging absolute monarchies, promoting ideas of natural rights, social contract, separation of powers, and free speech, which inspired movements for independence and reform.
What were the key differences between the American, French, Haitian, and Latin American Revolutions?
-The American Revolution led to independence from Britain, the French Revolution resulted in the end of the monarchy and a period of political turmoil, the Haitian Revolution was centered around slave rights and led to the establishment of a free state, and the Latin American Revolutions involved a series of uprisings against Spanish rule, leading to various forms of governance across the continent.
How did global migration during this period impact societies and families?
-Global migration led to changes in family dynamics, with many male workers leaving their homes for extended periods. It also resulted in the formation of ethnic enclaves in cities and increased ethnic and racial tensions due to discrimination and immigration policies like the Chinese Exclusion Act in the United States.

Outlines

00:00

🏭 Industrial Revolution and Global Capitalism

The first key concept of Period 5 focuses on the Industrial Revolution and the rise of global class capitalism. It emphasizes the shift from manual production to machine manufacturing, which marked a significant turning point in history. Great Britain's early industrialization is attributed to its commercial success, vast empire, agricultural innovations, population growth, and access to natural resources like coal, iron, and timber. The development of machines, such as the steam engine and the assembly line, revolutionized production efficiency. However, this period also introduced environmental challenges with the increased use of fossil fuels. The summary also touches on the First and Second Industrial Revolutions, highlighting the transition from hand production to mechanized steel, chemical, and electrical production, and the impact on transportation and communication systems.

05:01

🌐 Impacts of the Industrial Revolution

This paragraph discusses the widespread effects of the Industrial Revolution on the global stage. It covers the rise of export industries, focusing on single natural resources, and the economic dominance this created for certain countries. The narrative also includes the impact on non-industrialized nations, which struggled to compete. The paragraph introduces two influential economists, Adam Smith, advocating for laissez-faire capitalism, and Karl Marx, who critiqued capitalism and proposed communism as an alternative. The economic philosophies of these thinkers are central to understanding the period's economic shifts.

10:01

🌏 Global Responses to the Industrial Revolution

The third paragraph explores various global responses to the Industrial Revolution. It touches on China's experiences during the Qing Dynasty, including the Opium Wars and the Self-Strengthening Movement. The narrative then shifts to Japan's Meiji Restoration, highlighting its successful industrialization. The paragraph also addresses the decline of the Ottoman Empire and Russia's state-driven industrialization under the Romanovs. Additionally, it mentions Egypt's push for modernization under Muhammad Ali's leadership. The paragraph underscores the varied paths nations took in response to the pressures of industrialization and imperialism.

15:03

🏙️ Social Changes and Imperialism

This section delves into the social changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution, including urbanization, the rise of apartment living, and the increasing importance of time management in the workforce. It also discusses the changes in social and family structures, with women and children entering the industrial labor force, often for lower wages than men. The concept of imperialism is introduced, defined as the extension of rule or authority over foreign nations, which could be direct, as in colonization, or indirect, through economic influence. The Scramble for Africa is highlighted as a significant example of imperialism driven by the need for natural resources to fuel industrialization.

20:03

⚔️ Revolutions and Nationalism

The fifth paragraph focuses on the various revolutions and the rise of nationalism during the period. It references Enlightenment thinkers like John Locke, Rousseau, Montesquieu, and Voltaire, whose ideas challenged absolute monarchies and contributed to revolutionary movements. The American, French, Haitian, and Latin American revolutions are briefly overviewed, noting their causes, key figures, and outcomes. The paragraph also discusses the concept of nationalism and its role in anti-colonial movements, such as the Sepoy Mutiny in India and the Boxer Rebellion in China, setting the stage for decolonization efforts.

25:04

🌍 Global Migration and Its Effects

The final paragraph examines global migration during this period, driven by factors such as the search for work opportunities, technological advancements, and coerced or semi-coerced labor migrations. It discusses the effects of migration, including changes in family dynamics due to male migration for work, the creation of ethnic enclaves in cities, and the rise of ethnic and racial tensions. The paragraph also touches on restrictive immigration policies, such as the Chinese Exclusion Acts in the United States. The summary encapsulates the complexities of global migration and its profound social and cultural impacts.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution refers to the period from the mid-18th to mid-19th century during which predominantly agrarian, rural societies in Europe and America became industrial and urban. It marked a turning point in history as it involved a shift from hand production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, improved efficiency of water power, the increasing use of steam power, and the development of machine tools. This transition allowed for a significant increase in the production of goods and the development of global class capitalism, as mentioned in the script.

💡Global Class Capitalism

Global class capitalism is a term that encapsulates the economic system where capitalist modes of production and exploitation are global in scope, with a hierarchy of classes that transcend national boundaries. It is characterized by the accumulation of capital on a global scale, which is evident in the script's discussion of how industrialization and imperialism led to the exploitation of resources and labor across different parts of the world.

💡Adam Smith

Adam Smith was a Scottish economist and philosopher, considered the 'father of modern economics.' He is known for his book 'The Wealth of Nations,' which advocated for laissez-faire capitalism – the idea that economies function best when the government does not interfere. In the script, Adam Smith's economic theories are mentioned as a key influence during the Industrial Revolution, suggesting that the self-regulating market was a driving force behind the economic changes of the period.

💡Karl Marx

Karl Marx was a German philosopher, economist, sociologist, historian, political theorist, and revolutionary whose work in developing the theory of historical materialism and critiquing capitalism has made him one of the most influential figures in social and political thought. The script references Karl Marx in the context of his critique of capitalism during the Industrial Revolution, highlighting the social and economic inequalities that led to his development of communist theory.

💡Imperialism

Imperialism is the policy of extending a country's rule by acquisition of territories or by establishing colonies and dependencies. In the context of the video, imperialism is discussed as a practice driven by European powers during the period of the Industrial Revolution. It involved the Scramble for Africa and the extension of rule or authority over foreign nations, often for the purpose of resource extraction and the expansion of markets for manufactured goods.

💡Nationalism

Nationalism is a political ideology that involves a strong identification of a group of individuals with a country and their devotion to the interests and well-being of that country. The script discusses nationalism in relation to the various revolutions and movements for independence that occurred during the period, such as the American Revolution, the Haitian Revolution, and anti-colonial movements like the Sepoy Mutiny in India.

💡Revolution

A revolution is a significant change that usually involves the overthrow of an established government or social order in favor of a new system. The script highlights several key revolutions, including the American Revolution, the French Revolution, the Haitian Revolution, and various movements in Latin America. These events are tied to the broader theme of the period, which involved challenges to existing power structures and the rise of new political ideologies.

💡Migration

Migration refers to the movement of people from one place to another, often over long distances. In the script, global migration is discussed in the context of the Industrial Revolution, where new technologies and modes of transportation made it easier for people to move in search of work. This led to the creation of ethnic enclaves in cities and significant changes in family dynamics and social structures.

💡Urbanization

Urbanization is the process by which the population in a country or region becomes more urban, moving from rural areas to cities. The script mentions urbanization as a result of the Industrial Revolution, where people moved to cities in search of work in factories, leading to the growth of slum areas and significant changes in living conditions and social organization.

💡Ethnic Enclaves

Ethnic enclaves are areas within a larger city where people from a particular ethnic or cultural background tend to live together. The script discusses the formation of ethnic enclaves as a result of global migration during the Industrial Revolution. These enclaves, such as Chinatowns or areas predominantly inhabited by immigrants from a specific country, were often a response to the search for community and support in a new and often hostile environment.

💡White Man's Burden

The 'White Man's Burden' is a term that originated from a poem by Rudyard Kipling, which was used to justify the imperialistic and colonial endeavors of the European powers. It suggested that it was the duty of the white races to civilize and Christianize the 'lesser' peoples of the world. The script references this concept as part of the ideologies that drove imperialism during the period of the Industrial Revolution.

Highlights

The Industrial Revolution marked a significant turning point in history, changing the way goods were produced from manual labor to machine manufacturing.

The concept of 'revolution' is central to understanding Period 5, encompassing both the Industrial Revolution and various political revolutions.

Great Britain's commercialization, empire, agricultural innovations, and access to resources like coal, iron, and timber were key factors in initiating the Industrial Revolution.

Development of machines like the steam engine and the assembly line drastically increased efficiency and production speed.

The use of fossil fuels such as coal and oil was a pivotal change brought about by the Industrial Revolution.

The First and Second Industrial Revolutions transitioned production from handcrafts to mechanized steel, chemicals, and electricity.

Transportation and communication saw major advancements with the introduction of canals, railroads, telegraph, and telephone.

Industrialization led to the rise of export industries focused on single natural resources, impacting global economics.

Economic theories by Adam Smith and John Stuart Mill promoted laissez-faire capitalism and economic liberalism.

Karl Marx's response to the capitalist system was the Communist Manifesto, highlighting the struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat.

Global responses to the Industrial Revolution varied, with China experiencing the Opium Wars and Japan undergoing the Meiji Restoration.

Imperialism and the Scramble for Africa were driven by the need for resources to support industrialization.

The Enlightenment thinkers' ideas on natural rights and the social contract influenced revolutions and reforms during this period.

Nationalism and anti-colonial movements, such as the Sepoy Mutiny and the Boxer Rebellion, emerged as reactions against imperialism.

Global migration during this period was influenced by the search for work opportunities, changes in transportation, and shifts in labor dynamics.

The effects of migration included changes in family dynamics, the creation of ethnic enclaves, and increased ethnic and racial tensions.

The Industrial Revolution, imperialism, national revolutions, and global migration are the key concepts that define Period 5.

Transcripts

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Related Tags

Industrial Revolution Global Capitalism British Empire Adam Smith Karl Marx China Response Japanese Industrialization Opium Wars Imperialism Scramble for Africa Nationalism American Revolution French Revolution Haitian Revolution Social Darwinism Global Migration Ethnic Enclaves Enlightenment Thinkers