Reactions to the Industrial Economy [AP World History] Unit 5 Topic 8 (5.8)

Heimler's History
16 Jan 202009:04
EducationalLearning
32 Likes 10 Comments

TLDRThe video script from Heimler's History discusses the Industrial Revolution's profound impact on society, highlighting both the wealth and progress it generated and the significant challenges it posed. It delves into the resistance from workers facing harsh conditions and low wages, which led to the formation of labor unions advocating for reforms such as a five-day work week, minimum wage laws, and child labor restrictions. The script also explores the intellectual resistance from philosophers like John Stuart Mill and Karl Marx, who criticized capitalism and proposed alternative socio-economic systems. Additionally, it examines the Ottoman Empire's and China's responses to industrialization, including reforms and conservative backlash, emphasizing the global scope and varied reactions to the Industrial Revolution.

Takeaways
  • 🏭 The Industrial Revolution brought about significant wealth, social, economic, and political changes, but also faced substantial resistance due to its negative impacts.
  • 🔨 Industrial workers experienced dangerous working conditions, low wages, and poor living conditions, leading to the formation of labor unions to fight for better work environments and wages.
  • 📜 Labor unions successfully pushed for reforms such as a five-day work week, limits on working hours, minimum wage laws, and the right to vote, improving the lives of workers over time.
  • 📊 The push for societal reform also included addressing child labor, leading to laws that prohibited young children from working in hazardous conditions like coal mines.
  • 🎓 Mandatory education laws were introduced as a response to the increase in unemployed children due to industrialization, ensuring a more educated future workforce.
  • 🤔 Intellectuals and philosophers criticized the free market economics and capitalism, with figures like John Stuart Mill advocating utilitarianism and Karl Marx proposing communism as alternatives.
  • 🌍 The Ottoman Empire underwent significant reforms under Sultan Mahmud II and the Tanzimat movement, modernizing the state and legal system, but later faced resistance under Sultan Abdul Hamid.
  • 🏮 The Qing Dynasty in China attempted modernization through the Self-Strengthening Movement and the Hundred Days of Reform, aiming to strengthen China's economic capacity while preserving Confucian values and traditional rule.
  • ⛩ Reforms in China faced opposition from conservative powers, but internal rebellion and corruption led to eventual acceptance of Western help, resulting in economic domination by foreign powers.
  • 📈 The resistance and reactions to industrialization varied across different societies, with each adopting unique approaches to address the challenges and opportunities presented by the Industrial Revolution.
Q & A

  • What were the social, economic, and political changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution?

    -The Industrial Revolution led to the generation of fabulous wealth, significant social changes, economic shifts towards factory-based production, and political changes as societies adapted to the new industrial landscape.

  • What were the working conditions like for factory workers during the Industrial Revolution?

    -Factory work was dangerous, with stuffy air leading to the easy spread of sickness, minimal safety regulations, and workers often suffering injuries or even death due to exposure to machinery.

  • How did the living conditions of industrial workers contribute to further resistance against industrialization?

    -Industrial workers often lived in slums and tenements with squalid conditions, lacking internal plumbing and packed closely together, which led to the rapid spread of diseases and fueled their resistance against the harsh realities of industrialization.

  • What were the key reforms won by labor unions in response to the challenges faced by workers?

    -Labor unions were able to secure a five-day work week, limits on the number of hours worked, and the establishment of minimum wage laws to protect workers' rights and improve their conditions.

  • How did labor unions influence the extension of voting rights and societal reforms?

    -Labor unions used their collective power to push for societal reforms, including the right to vote. In Britain, this led to the reduction of property requirements for voting, and by 1918, all men and eventually women were granted the right to vote regardless of property ownership.

  • What was the stance of labor unions on child labor and how did it lead to legislative changes?

    -Labor unions opposed child labor due to the physical deformities and deadly sickness it caused. This led to laws such as the 1843 U.S. law prohibiting children under 10 from working in coal mines.

  • How did the industrialized nations address the issue of unemployed children after passing child labor laws?

    -As a response to the increase of unemployed children whose parents were working in factories, industrialized nations began to pass laws for mandatory education for children, leading to the establishment of public schooling systems.

  • What was the criticism of John Stuart Mill towards capitalism and his proposed solution?

    -John Stuart Mill criticized capitalism for being a selfish system that prioritized individual benefit over the common good. He proposed utilitarianism as a solution, which argued that actions should be carried out for the happiness of the whole society rather than just the individual.

  • How did Karl Marx view the division of society under capitalism and his proposed solution?

    -Karl Marx saw society as divided into the bourgeoisie, who owned the means of production, and the proletariat, the working class. He believed that capitalism led to the happiness of the bourgeoisie at the expense of the proletariat. Marx proposed a system where workers would own the means of production and share wealth equally, leading to a classless society known as communism.

  • What were the key reforms undertaken by the Ottoman Empire under Sultan Mahmud II and the Tanzimat program?

    -Sultan Mahmud II initiated major reforms such as the abolition of the feudal system, construction of roads, and establishment of a postal service. The Tanzimat program continued these reforms with legal updates for equality before the law, efforts to eliminate corruption, and the creation of secular schools.

  • How did the Qing Dynasty of China attempt to modernize and resist Western influence?

    -The Qing Dynasty initiated the Self-Strengthening Movement to modernize China's economy and military while preserving Confucian values and traditional rule. They aimed to adopt Western technology and industrial methods without embracing Western culture or political systems.

  • What was the outcome of the resistance to modernization and reform in China, and how did it affect China's relationship with Western powers?

    -The resistance to modernization and reform in China, led by conservative powers like Empress Dowager Cixi, resulted in the weakening of China's internal strength and eventual acceptance of Western economic domination in exchange for modernization assistance and exclusive trading rights.

Outlines
00:00
🏭 The Struggles and Resistance of Industrial Workers

This paragraph discusses the hardships faced by workers during the Industrial Revolution and their subsequent resistance. It highlights the dangerous and unhealthy working conditions in factories, the lack of safety regulations, and the low wages due to the abundance of replaceable, unskilled labor. The workers' response to these conditions was the formation of labor unions, which fought for and achieved reforms such as a five-day work week, limits on working hours, and minimum wage laws. Additionally, the paragraph covers the workers' push for societal reforms, including the right to vote and child labor laws, which were a response to the exploitation and health risks faced by children working in factories.

05:01
💭 Intellectual Critique and Reform Movements in Response to Industrialization

This paragraph explores the intellectual resistance to the Industrial Revolution, focusing on the critique of free market economics and the rise of new ideologies. It discusses how thinkers like John Stuart Mill and Karl Marx criticized capitalism for its selfish nature and the resulting harm to workers. Mill proposed utilitarianism, which aimed at the happiness of the whole, as an alternative to the abuses of the free market. Marx, on the other hand, introduced the concept of communism, advocating for the workers to own the means of production and share wealth equally. The paragraph also touches on the Ottoman Empire's response to industrialization, including reforms under Sultan Mahmud II and the Tanzimat movement, and the eventual resistance to further change under Sultan Abdul Hamid II.

Mindmap
Keywords
💡Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution refers to the period of rapid industrial growth and innovation that began in the late 18th century and continued into the 19th century. It marked a significant shift from agrarian societies to industrial ones, characterized by the introduction of new technologies, factory systems, and the mass production of goods. In the video, this concept is central as it discusses the wealth generated, social, economic, and political changes brought about by the revolution, as well as the resistance it faced due to its negative impacts on workers and society.
💡Labor Unions
Labor unions are organizations of workers who come together to achieve better working conditions, wages, and rights on the job. They use collective bargaining to negotiate with employers for reforms and protections. In the context of the video, labor unions emerged as a form of resistance to the harsh conditions of industrialization, leading to significant reforms such as the five-day work week, limits on working hours, and minimum wage laws.
💡Social Reforms
Social reforms refer to changes aimed at improving the social and economic conditions of a society, often through new laws or policies. These reforms can address various aspects of society, such as workers' rights, education, and the welfare system. In the video, social reforms are highlighted as a response to the issues caused by industrialization, with labor unions pushing for changes like the franchise (the right to vote) and child labor laws.
💡Child Labor
Child labor refers to the practice of employing children in jobs that are detrimental to their physical and mental development. During the Industrial Revolution, children were often used in factories due to their small size and low wages. Public outcry and labor unions eventually led to laws against child labor, protecting children from exploitation and promoting mandatory education.
💡Free Market Economics
Free market economics is an economic system where prices and supply and demand are determined by the forces of the marketplace, with minimal government intervention. This concept, as outlined by Adam Smith in 'The Wealth of Nations,' was a driving force behind the Industrial Revolution. However, the video discusses how the implementation of free market economics led to the rise of powerful corporations and various social issues, prompting criticism and alternative proposals.
💡Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism is a philosophical theory that suggests the best action is the one that maximizes overall happiness or pleasure for the greatest number of people. Proposed by John Stuart Mill as an alternative to capitalism, utilitarianism argues that individual actions should be guided by the greater good rather than personal gain. In the video, utilitarianism is presented as a solution to the abuses and inequalities caused by the free market system.
💡Communism
Communism is a political and economic ideology that seeks to establish a classless society where the means of production are owned and controlled by the community as a whole. It emerged as a critique of capitalism, with Karl Marx being one of its most prominent figures. In the video, communism is discussed as a proposed solution to the problems of the Industrial Revolution, advocating for the workers to own the means of production and share wealth equally.
💡Self-Strengthening Movement
The Self-Strengthening Movement was a period of institutional reform in China during the late Qing Dynasty, aimed at modernizing the country's military and industry to preserve Chinese culture and maintain its independence. The movement sought to adopt Western technology and industrial methods while retaining Confucian values and the power of the Qing dynasty. However, the video notes that these reforms largely failed and were eventually abandoned.
💡Hundred Days of Reform
The Hundred Days of Reform was a brief period of intense reform in China in 1898, following the defeat in the Sino-Japanese War. These reforms aimed to modernize China's bureaucracy, education system, and economy by abolishing the Civil Service Examination and adopting Western industrial and commercial systems. However, resistance from conservative powers, like the Empress Dowager Cixi, and the eventual conservative backlash led to the reforms' failure.
💡Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire was a vast and powerful state that existed from the 14th to the early 20th century, spanning three continents: Europe, Asia, and Africa. In the context of the video, the Ottoman Empire's response to industrialization is discussed through the reforms of Sultan Mahmud II and the Tanzimat period, which aimed to modernize the state by abolishing the feudal system, establishing a legal system with equality before the law, and creating secular schools. However, the resistance to further reforms under Sultan Abdul Hamid II led to a conservative backlash.
💡Young Turks
The Young Turks were a political movement within the Ottoman Empire that sought to modernize and reform the state, advocating for a constitutional government to replace the monarchy. They were part of a broader intellectual and political trend that aimed to bring about change and address the issues arising from industrialization and modernization within the empire.
Highlights

Discussion of the Industrial Revolution's impact on wealth, social, economic, and political changes.

Acknowledgment of the negative aspects of the Industrial Revolution, such as pushback and resistance.

Overview of the dangerous and unhealthy conditions of factory work.

Mention of the low wages and high risk of unemployment for factory workers.

Description of the poor living conditions in tenements and the spread of disease.

The formation of labor unions as a response to worker exploitation.

Reforms won by labor unions, including a five-day work week, limits on hours, and minimum wage laws.

Labor unions' push for societal reforms, including the right to vote and the impact on property requirements.

The issue of child labor and the reforms enacted to protect children, such as the 1843 U.S. law.

The emergence of mandatory education laws as a response to the problems of child labor.

Critique of capitalism by John Stuart Mill and his proposal of utilitarianism.

Karl Marx's view on the division of society into bourgeoisie and proletariat, and his critique of capitalism.

The Communist Manifesto and the concept of Scientific Socialism as a solution to the problems of capitalism.

Sultan Mahmud II's reforms and the Tanzimat movement in the Ottoman Empire.

The rise of Abdul Hamid and his resistance to further reforms, including the persecution of the Young Turks and Armenians.

The Self-Strengthening Movement in China and its focus on modernization without Western cultural influence.

The Hundred Days of Reform, including the abolition of the Civil Service Examination and the adoption of Western industrial and commercial systems.

The resistance to reform by conservative powers in China and the eventual acceptance of Western economic domination.

Transcripts

Browse More Related Video

REACTIONS to the Industrial Revolution [AP World History Review—Unit 5 Topic 8]

Period 5 APWH Review

AP World History Modern: Unit 5 Review

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION | Educational Video for Kids.

Capitalism: Is it here to stay? | A-Z of ISMs Episode 3 - BBC Ideas

CAUSES of Migration 1750-1900 [AP World History] Unit 6 Topic 6 (6.6)

Rate This

5.0 / 5 (0 votes)

Thanks for rating:

Related Tags
Industrial RevolutionLabor UnionsSocial ReformsChild LaborUtilitarianismCommunismOttoman EmpireSelf-Strengthening MovementHundred Days of ReformConservative OppositionEconomic Domination