AROUND THE AP WORLD DAY 66: RUSSIA & MANCHU EMPIRES

FREEMAN- PEDIA
4 Mar 202105:36
EducationalLearning
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TLDRThis video script introduces the early modern period of world history, focusing on land-based empires such as Russia and China. It highlights key figures like Ivan the Great and Peter the Great in Russia's development, and the transition from the Ming to the Qing dynasty in China. The script emphasizes the importance of understanding these empires within the curriculum, especially the Ottoman and Mughal empires favored by the College Board.

Takeaways
  • ๐Ÿ“š The course is transitioning from the post-classical period (1200-1450) to the early modern period (1450-1750), focusing on the age of empires.
  • ๐ŸŒ The curriculum will cover two types of empires: land-based and maritime, with a span of 10 days allocated for the topic.
  • ๐Ÿฐ The first two land-based empires discussed are Russia and China, with additional mention of the Aztecs, Incas, Tokugawa Japan, and the Songhai Empire.
  • ๐Ÿ‘‘ Ivan the Great is a significant figure in Russian history, known for defeating the Mongols, marrying the Byzantine heiress, and taking the title 'Tsar'.
  • ๐Ÿฐ The Russian Empire is not considered Western European, which is important when discussing Europe in the context of the College Board's curriculum.
  • ๐Ÿ”„ Ivan the Terrible's reign was a brief setback, but the Romanov family's rise to power led to Russia's modernization and integration into the early modern world.
  • ๐Ÿšข Admiral Zheng He's voyages during the Ming Dynasty showcased China's power, but the dynasty eventually fell due to various issues, including a silver shortage and the Little Ice Age.
  • ๐Ÿน The Manchus from the north overthrew the Ming Dynasty and established the Qing Dynasty, marking the final Chinese dynasty which lasted into the 20th century.
  • ๐Ÿ’‡ The Manchu hairstyle, or 'queue', was imposed on the population to facilitate the integration of the Manchus with the Han Chinese and to identify dissenters.
  • ๐Ÿคด Peter the Great's reign is highlighted by his efforts to westernize Russia and bring it in line with the rest of the early modern world through his Grand Embassy and adoption of Western practices.
Q & A

  • What is the time period covered by the first two units of AP World History Modern?

    -The first two units of AP World History Modern cover the post-classical period, which runs from 1200 to 1450.

  • What is the time frame for the early modern period in the course?

    -The early modern period in the course spans from 1450 to 1750, which is the age of empires.

  • How many units are dedicated to the study of land-based empires and maritime empires?

    -There are two units dedicated to the study of empires during the early modern period: Unit 3 for land-based empires and Unit 4 for maritime empires.

  • Which empires are mentioned as land-based empires that are not given main coverage in the curriculum?

    -The Aztecs, Incas, Tokugawa Japan, and the Songhai Empire in sub-Saharan Africa are mentioned as land-based empires that are not given main coverage in the curriculum.

  • What significant event marks the beginning of Russia's prominence in history?

    -Ivan the Great's reign marks the beginning of Russia's prominence in history, as he is considered one of the four 'greats' in Russian history.

  • How did Ivan the Great contribute to Russia's development?

    -Ivan the Great defeated the Mongols, married the heiress to the Byzantine Empire, and took the title 'Tsar', setting Russia on the path to becoming a major power and considering itself the third Roman Empire.

  • What is the significance of Peter the Great's reign in Russia's history?

    -Peter the Great's reign is significant because he modernized Russia through a process known as westernization and brought Russia into the early modern world.

  • What happened to the Ming Dynasty that led to its downfall?

    -The Ming Dynasty faced several issues including a severe silver problem, the largest earthquake in history, and the effects of the Little Ice Age, which led to its downfall.

  • Who were the Manchus and how did they establish the Qing Dynasty?

    -The Manchus were a people from the north, also known as Manchuria today, who invaded China, defeated the Ming Dynasty, and established the Qing or Manchu Dynasty, the final Chinese dynasty.

  • What was the diarchy system implemented by the Manchus?

    -The diarchy system was a governance structure where major positions in China were held by both a Chinese and a Manchu person, blending the two cultures and ensuring Manchu control.

  • What was the significance of the cue hairstyle in China during the Qing Dynasty?

    -The cue hairstyle was a mandatory hairstyle imposed by the Manchus to help them blend in with the Han Chinese and to identify those who resisted their rule.

Outlines
00:00
๐ŸŒ Introduction to Early Modern Period and Land-Based Empires

This paragraph introduces the transition from the post-classical period to the early modern period (1450-1750), emphasizing the age of empires. It outlines the curriculum focus on two units: land-based empires (Unit 3) and maritime empires (Unit 4). The instructor highlights the importance of not focusing excessively on any single empire, especially not the Russian, and suggests paying attention to 'heavy hitters' like the Ottoman, Mughal, and Safavid empires. The paragraph delves into Russian history, mentioning Ivan the Great's significance, his defeat of the Mongols, and Russia's self-perception as the third Roman Empire. It also touches on Peter the Great's efforts to modernize Russia through westernization. The paragraph then briefly discusses China's position during the Ming and early Qing dynasties, mentioning the Ming's decline and the Manchu invasion that led to the establishment of the Qing dynasty. The Manchu's cultural assimilation and the distinctive hairstyle known as the 'queue' are also mentioned.

05:00
๐Ÿ“š Continuation of Land-Based Empires and Acknowledgment of Manchu Rule

The paragraph continues the discussion on land-based empires, noting that while the curriculum focuses on major empires, other significant land-based empires like the Aztecs, Incas, Tokugawa Japan, and the Songhai Empire in sub-Saharan Africa should not be overlooked. The instructor humorously expresses his respect for the Manchu rulers by maintaining a hairstyle similar to the traditional Manchu 'queue' as a sign of filial piety. The paragraph concludes with a brief mention of the upcoming topics, indicating that the next day will cover additional land-based empires, and the video series will eventually include a unit on Europe's interactions with China.

Mindmap
Keywords
๐Ÿ’กPost-Classical Period
The Post-Classical Period refers to a specific era in history that spans from the year 1200 to 1450. It is a term used to describe the time following the fall of classical civilizations and before the emergence of the early modern period. In the context of the video, this period sets the stage for the rise of empires that will be discussed in the course.
๐Ÿ’กEarly Modern Period
The Early Modern Period in history extends from 1450 to 1750 and is characterized by the age of empires. This era saw the rise and expansion of both land-based and maritime empires, which played a crucial role in shaping global politics and economies. The video emphasizes the importance of understanding these empires for the AP World History Modern course.
๐Ÿ’กLand-Based Empires
Land-Based Empires refer to large, powerful states that expanded their territories primarily through land conquests and controlled vast areas of land. These empires often had significant influence over the cultures, economies, and political systems of the regions they conquered. In the video, the instructor begins the discussion on empires by focusing on land-based ones, such as Russia and China.
๐Ÿ’กRussian Empire
The Russian Empire was a powerful, land-based empire that emerged during the Early Modern Period. It is characterized by its significant territorial expansion and cultural developments, particularly under the rule of leaders like Ivan the Great and Peter the Great. The Russian Empire's history is marked by its unique position as a European power that was not entirely Western, influencing its role and perception in global history.
๐Ÿ’กIvan the Great
Ivan the Great, also known as Ivan III of Russia, was a pivotal figure in Russian history who consolidated power, defeated the Mongols, and married the heiress to the Byzantine Empire. His actions laid the foundation for Russia's self-perception as the Third Rome, inheriting the cultural and religious legacy of the Byzantine Empire. Ivan's reign is significant for setting Russia on a path of expansion and centralization of power.
๐Ÿ’กMing Dynasty
The Ming Dynasty was a Chinese dynasty that ruled from 1368 to 1644. It is known for its cultural achievements, naval expeditions under Admiral Zheng He, and the eventual retreat to a more secluded state. The Ming Dynasty lost the mandate of heaven due to various issues, including a severe economic crisis and natural disasters, which paved the way for the subsequent Qing Dynasty.
๐Ÿ’กQing Dynasty
The Qing Dynasty, also known as the Manchu Dynasty, was the last imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912. It was established by the Manchus, who invaded from the north and eventually adopted a neo-Confucianist style of governance, blending into Chinese society. The Qing Dynasty is remembered for its brutal invasion and the distinctive queue hairstyle imposed on its subjects.
๐Ÿ’กDiarchy
The Diarchy was a system of government used by the Qing Dynasty, in which major positions of power in China were held jointly by both a Chinese and a Manchu person. This system was designed to facilitate the integration of the Manchu rulers into Chinese society and to maintain control over the vast Chinese population. The diarchy represented an early form of a two-party system, with each position having a representative from both cultures.
๐Ÿ’กWesternization
Westernization refers to the process of adopting Western culture, institutions, and technologies. In the context of the video, it is associated with Peter the Great's efforts to modernize Russia by embracing Western practices and technologies. This transformation played a crucial role in bringing Russia into the Early Modern World and aligning it more closely with Western European powers.
๐Ÿ’กManchu
The Manchu were a Tungusic people from Northeast China who established the Qing Dynasty after invading from the region known today as Manchuria. They are significant in the video for their conquest of the Ming Dynasty and their subsequent rule over China, characterized by a blend of Manchu and Chinese cultural practices.
๐Ÿ’กCue Hairstyle
The Cue Hairstyle was a mandatory hairstyle imposed by the Manchu rulers of the Qing Dynasty on their Chinese subjects. It involved shaving the front of the head and growing the hair long in the back, forming a queue or braid. This hairstyle was a symbol of submission to the Manchu rule and helped the Manchus distinguish between those who accepted their authority and potential troublemakers.
Highlights

The transition from the post-classical period (1200-1450) to the early modern period (1450-1750) is discussed, emphasizing the age of empires.

The curriculum focuses on two types of empires: land-based and maritime.

The course will cover the major land-based empires of Russia and China in detail.

Other notable land-based empires not covered in detail include the Aztecs, Incas, Tokugawa Japan, and the Songhai Empire.

Russia's place in European history is clarified, noting it is not considered part of the Western world.

Ivan the Great's significance in Russian history is highlighted, including his defeat of the Mongols and marriage to the Byzantine heiress.

Russia's self-identification as the Third Roman Empire is discussed, stemming from its cultural and religious inheritance from the Byzantine Empire.

The term 'tsar' is explained, noting its pronunciation and usage in Russia.

The Romanov dynasty's role in continuing Russia's path to success after Ivan the Terrible is mentioned.

Peter the Great's efforts to modernize Russia through Westernization and his influence on bringing Russia into the early modern world are highlighted.

China's unique position during the early modern period, being the last half of the Ming Dynasty and the first half of the Qing or Manchu Dynasty, is discussed.

The Ming Dynasty's decline due to various issues, including a severe silver problem and the Little Ice Age, is mentioned.

The Manchus' invasion from the north and the establishment of the Qing Dynasty in China is described, noting the deadly conflict and atrocities.

The Manchu's governance style, blending into Chinese society and implementing the diarchy system, is explained.

The significance of the Manchu hairstyle, or 'queue', as a symbol of submission and cultural integration is highlighted.

The instructor's commitment to maintaining the Manchu hairstyle as a sign of respect and historical representation is noted.

The้ข„ๅ‘Š of upcoming lessons on other land-based empires is given, indicating a comprehensive study of this historical period.

Transcripts

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