AP World History Modern: Unit 3 Review

Stephanie Gorges

13 Apr 202038:00

EducationalLearning

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TLDRThis video script covers Unit 3 of AP World History, focusing on land-based empires from 1450 to 1750. It highlights the rise and expansion of major empires like the Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal, and their influence on global trade and politics. The script also delves into the religious and cultural shifts of the time, such as the Protestant Reformation and the Islamic influence in the Gunpowder Empires. The video emphasizes the importance of understanding state building, political centralization, and belief systems in analyzing this transformative period.

Takeaways

🏰 Unit 3 of AP World History covers the period 1450-1750, focusing on land-based empires and their rise, expansion, and political centralization.
🌍 The beginning of the unit is marked by the fall of Constantinople in 1453 and the voyage of Columbus in 1492, signifying major historical shifts.
🏛️ Key themes in Unit 3 include state building and expansion, political centralization, and the role of belief systems in unifying people within empires.
📚 The unit introduces the concept of 'happy' for document analysis, which stands for Historical Context, Audience, Point of View, and Purpose.
🌐 In Europe, the Renaissance and the rise of absolutism led to the formation of unified states like Portugal, Spain, France, England, and the Netherlands.
🛡️ The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires are known as the 'Gunpowder Empires' due to their use of gunpowder and centralized bureaucratic systems.
📖 The Safavid Empire was characterized by Shia Islam and a strong centralized state, with significant conflicts over land and religious differences with the Ottoman Empire.
🏺 The Mughal Empire in India was marked by religious tolerance, a centralized government system, and iconic constructions like the Taj Mahal.
🚢 Chinese exploration during the Ming Dynasty was exemplified by the naval expeditions of Zheng He, which aimed to establish trade and alliances.
🏯 The Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan led to a period of isolation and the national seclusion policy, limiting external cultural influences and travel.
📈 The unit emphasizes the importance of memorizing various land-based empires, their government systems, and religious beliefs for AP World History preparation.

Q & A

What is the time period covered in AP World History Unit 3?
-Unit 3 covers the years 1450 to 1750, focusing on land-based empires.
What are the two key dates mentioned at the beginning of the unit?
-The two key dates are 1453, the year Constantinople falls to the Ottomans, and 1492, when Columbus sailed the ocean blue.
What are the 'big three' themes of Unit 3?
-The 'big three' themes are state building and expansion, political centralization, and the belief systems that helped unify the people.
How did the Renaissance impact Europe?
-The Renaissance saw a rebirth of classical Roman and Greek works, which had been built upon by the Islamic world for years.
What is the significance of Martin Luther's 95 Theses in Unit 3?
-Martin Luther's 95 Theses challenged the Catholic Church and led to the Protestant Reformation, which was a major religious and political shift during this period.
What is the role of the 'devshirme' system in the Ottoman Empire?
-The 'devshirme' system involved the recruitment of young Christian boys from conquered territories to serve in the military and bureaucracy, where they were indoctrinated to be loyal to the Sultan.
What is the significance of Suleiman the Magnificent's rule in the Ottoman Empire?
-Suleiman the Magnificent is known for building up the military, enhancing the 'devshirme' system, supporting the arts, and making major legislative changes related to society and criminal justice.
How did the Safavid Empire differ from the Ottoman Empire in terms of religion?
-The Safavid Empire primarily followed Shia Islam, while the Ottoman Empire was characterized by Sunni Islam.
What was the impact of Emperor Akbar's rule on the Mughal Empire?
-Emperor Akbar is known for his religious tolerance, eliminating the jizya tax on non-Muslims, marrying a Hindu princess, and creating a centralized government system that allowed Hindus to hold positions.
What is the significance of the kingdom of Kongo in African history during this period?
-The kingdom of Kongo was significant for its conversion to Christianity, led by King Alfonso I, and its trade relations with the Portuguese, which eventually led to it becoming a major location for slave exportation.
How did the Ming Dynasty respond to the threat of outside invaders?
-The Ming Dynasty responded by expanding and fortifying the Great Wall of China to protect against outside invaders.

Outlines

00:00

🌍 Introduction to Unit 3: Land-Based Empires (1450-1750)

This paragraph introduces Unit 3 of AP World History, focusing on land-based empires from 1450 to 1750. Key dates such as 1453, the fall of Constantinople, and 1492, Columbus's voyage, are highlighted as pivotal to understanding this era. The unit covers state building, political centralization, and belief systems that unified people across empires. Notable empires discussed include those in Europe, Russia, the Safavid and Ottoman empires, and the Ming and Qing dynasties in China. The paragraph emphasizes the importance of understanding these empires due to the lack of background knowledge students might have, and provides a Google Back link for further study.

05:00

🏰 The Renaissance and the Rise of European States

This section delves into the rebirth of Europe following the Crusades and the plague, which led to social and economic changes. The Renaissance, influenced by the Islamic world's preservation of classical knowledge, is noted. The formation of unified states like Portugal, Spain, France, England, and the Netherlands is discussed, with a focus on the centralization of power through absolutism and divine right. The Protestant Reformation's impact on challenging the Catholic Church's power is also covered, highlighting the ideological shifts that shaped political and religious landscapes during this period.

10:01

🛡️ Expansion and Challenges in Russia and the Ottoman Empire

The paragraph discusses the consolidation of power in Russia under Ivan the Great and the establishment of absolutist rule. It covers the expansion of Russian territories and the cultural unifier of Orthodox Christianity. The reigns of Ivan the Terrible and the subsequent Time of Troubles are mentioned, leading to the rise of the Romanov dynasty. In the Middle East, the decline of the Abbasid Empire gives way to the Ottoman Empire's rise, which is characterized by its military conquests, centralized political power, and the unique administrative and military systems involving devshirme and Janissaries.

15:01

🕌 The Ottoman Conquest and the Rivalry with the Safavid Empire

This section focuses on the Ottoman Empire's military achievements, particularly the conquest of Constantinople by Mehmet the Conqueror. A game of 'three truths and a lie' is used to engage with historical facts about the conquest. The paragraph then explores the rivalry between the Ottomans and the Safavid Empire, highlighting their religious differences and territorial conflicts. The importance of understanding document analysis is introduced, using the acronym 'HAPPY' (Historical Context, Audience, Point of View, Purpose, Why) to analyze a letter between Ottoman Sultan Selim and Shah Ismail I of the Safavid Empire.

20:04

🏛️ The Mughal Empire and the Islamic Gunpowder Empires

The paragraph discusses the Mughal Empire's expansion under Babur and its continued growth under Akbar, who is noted for his religious tolerance and centralized government system. The construction of the Taj Mahal is mentioned as a symbol of Mughal rule. The paragraph also covers the Islamic Gunpowder Empires, which developed through conquests, centralized bureaucracies, and systems for outsider government positions. The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires' reliance on gunpowder and the administrative innovations of the Ottoman Empire are highlighted.

25:06

🌍 African Kingdoms and the Beginnings of European Interaction

This section covers the African kingdoms, including the Songhai and Ashanti empires, and their trade in gold and salt. The kingdom of Kongo's conversion to Christianity and its trade with the Portuguese is discussed. The paragraph also touches on the beginnings of European interaction with Africa, with the establishment of trading posts and the start of the transatlantic slave trade. The story of Anna Nzinga, a female leader who resisted Portuguese encroachment, is used to illustrate the complex dynamics of power and trade during this period.

30:07

🏮 The Ming and Qing Dynasties in China and the Isolation of Japan

The paragraph discusses the rise of the Ming Dynasty in China, its cultural achievements, and the naval expeditions of Zheng He. The shift towards isolationism after these expeditions is noted. The Qing Dynasty's overthrow of the Ming and the establishment of a Manchu rule characterized by strict social order and ethnic separation is detailed. In Japan, the Tokugawa Shogunate's establishment and the national seclusion policy are discussed, highlighting Japan's isolation from foreign influence during this period.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Land-based empires

The term 'land-based empires' refers to large, centralized states that expanded their territories primarily through land conquests rather than maritime exploration. In the context of the video, this concept is central to Unit 3, which covers the period from 1450 to 1750, during which significant empires such as the Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal, and European states rose and expanded their influence through land-based conquests and state building.

💡Political centralization

Political centralization refers to the process by which a state consolidates its political power and authority in a central government, often at the expense of local or regional authorities. In the video, this concept is crucial for understanding how empires like the Ottomans and Mughals maintained their power and control over vast territories by centralizing administrative, military, and religious institutions.

💡Religious beliefs

Religious beliefs are the fundamental convictions and faiths that individuals or societies hold about the divine or supernatural. In the video, religious beliefs played a significant role in unifying people under empires and shaping their cultural and political identities. For instance, the spread of Islam in the Ottoman and Safavid Empires and the role of Confucianism in the Ming and Qing dynasties of China are examples of how religious beliefs influenced the development and governance of these states.

💡European States

European States refers to the various nations that emerged in Europe during the period of 1450 to 1750, which is the focus of Unit 3. These states underwent significant transformations in terms of political structure, economic systems, and cultural developments. The rise of these states and their centralization of power set the stage for the Age of Exploration and the eventual establishment of maritime empires.

💡Gunpowder empires

The term 'Gunpowder empires' refers to the Islamic states of the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires that utilized advanced gunpowder technology in their military tactics and centralized their power structures. These empires are characterized by their use of gunpowder weapons, strong centralized governments, and significant territorial expansions.

💡Renaissance

The Renaissance was a cultural and intellectual movement that began in the 14th century and spanned through the 17th century, marking a period of rebirth of interest in the classical knowledge of ancient Greece and Rome. It is characterized by advancements in art, science, and learning, and played a significant role in the development of the modern world. In the video, the Renaissance is mentioned as a key factor in Europe's rebirth and its transition from a feudal system to more centralized states.

💡Divine right

The concept of divine right refers to the belief that monarchs and rulers derive their right to rule directly from a divine authority, such as God. This ideology was used by many European rulers to legitimize their power and assert that their authority was absolute and unquestionable. In the video, divine right is mentioned as a key ideology that European states used to centralize their power and justify their rule.

💡Martin Luther

Martin Luther was a German theologian and monk who played a pivotal role in the Protestant Reformation by challenging the authority of the Catholic Church. His famous 95 Theses criticized the Church's practices, including the sale of indulgences, which ultimately led to a religious and political upheaval in Europe. In the video, Luther's actions are highlighted as a significant event that contributed to the religious and political changes of the time.

💡Ivan the Terrible

Ivan the Terrible, also known as Ivan IV, was the Grand Prince of Moscow and the first Tsar of Russia. His reign was marked by significant territorial expansion, but also by extreme brutality and repression. Ivan's rule is often associated with the centralization of power and the establishment of the Russian autocracy. In the video, Ivan the Terrible's reign is used to illustrate the harsh methods some rulers employed to maintain control and centralize their power.

💡Safavid Empire

The Safavid Empire was a significant Persian empire founded by Shah Ismail I in the early 16th century. It is known for its strong centralization of power, the establishment of Shia Islam as the state religion, and its cultural and artistic achievements. The Safavid Empire played a crucial role in shaping the political and religious landscape of the Middle East and South Asia during its time.

💡Mughal Empire

The Mughal Empire was a powerful Islamic empire in South Asia that lasted from the early 16th to the mid-19th century. It was known for its religious tolerance, cultural achievements, and extensive territorial reach. The Mughals ruled over a diverse population that included both Muslims and Hindus, and they are noted for their architectural wonders, such as the Taj Mahal.

Highlights

Unit 3 of AP World History focuses on land-based empires from 1450 to 1750, emphasizing major historical shifts.

The year 1453 marks the fall of Constantinople, signifying the end of an era and the beginning of a new one.

The rise of European States, including Portugal, Spain, France, England, and the Netherlands, is a key topic for understanding absolutism and the centralization of power.

The Protestant Reformation, initiated by Martin Luther's 95 Theses in 1517, challenged the Catholic Church's authority and led to significant religious and political changes.

Russia's transformation under Ivan the Great and Peter the Great showcases the shift from Mongol rule to a centralized state with strong absolutist rule.

The Ottoman Empire's use of the devshirme system and Janissaries demonstrates their method of political centralization and military strength.

The Safavid Empire's establishment of Shia Islam as the state religion and its centralized government highlights the importance of religion in state building.

The Mughal Empire in India, founded by Babur, is known for its religious tolerance and centralized administration, as well as iconic structures like the Taj Mahal.

In Africa, the Songhai and Ashanti Empires continued the tradition of centralized Islamic states reliant on trade, with figures like Sonni Ali and Anna-Nzinga shaping their histories.

China's Ming and Qing Dynasties illustrate the shift from naval exploration and external engagement to isolationism and internal focus.

The Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan marked a period of isolation and strict social order, with the national seclusion policy limiting foreign influence and trade.

The concept of state building and expansion is a major theme in Unit 3, with various empires demonstrating different methods of growth and control.

Political centralization is a key theme, exploring how empires maintained and centralized their political power during the period of 1450 to 1750.

Belief systems, such as Christianity, Islam, and Confucianism, played a crucial role in unifying people and legitimizing rule across these empires.

Document analysis skills, using the acronym HAPPY (Historical Context, Audience, Point of View, Purpose, Why), are essential for understanding primary and secondary sources in AP World History.

The comparison of the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires as 'Gunpowder Empires' is important for understanding their development through conquests and centralized bureaucracies.

Transcripts

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