The Insane Biology of: The Octopus

Real Science

14 Nov 202021:27

EducationalLearning

32 Likes 10 Comments

TLDRThe octopus is an astonishing creature that seems almost alien-like due to its advanced intelligence and remarkable abilities. It can camouflage itself in the blink of an eye, think with its arms, plan for the future, use tools, and play just for fun. This is despite the octopus evolving intelligence completely separately from vertebrates like humans. Studying how the octopus developed such complexity could reveal insights about the origins of cognition. Ultimately, the octopus gives us a rare glimpse at an alternate, alien intelligence that evolved right here on Earth under the same forces that shaped us.

Takeaways

😲 The octopus is remarkably intelligent and bizarre among invertebrates, with advanced camouflage abilities and a decentralized nervous system.
😮 Octopuses evolved intelligence, camouflage and defense mechanisms to survive after losing their protective shells around 140 million years ago.
👀 An octopus can change its appearance by controlling pigment cells in its skin and alter skin texture to blend into surroundings.
🧠 Half an octopus's neurons are in its arms, which can independently process information and 'think' without input from its brain.
🤯 Octopus intelligence likely evolved independently from vertebrates due to ecological pressures rather than social needs.
😃 Octopuses exhibit intelligent behaviors like tool use, planning, playfulness and problem solving previously thought unique to vertebrates.
🔍 Studying the octopus gives insight into alternate models of intelligence evolution not explained by prevailing theories.
🤔 Octopus skin contains photoreceptive cells that allow it to match colors despite likely being colorblind.
🐙 Ancient cephalopods ruled the oceans for 100s of millions of years before losing protective shells made them vulnerable.
💥 Mass extinctions wiped out many ancient shelled cephalopods before the octopus and other soft-bodied species emerged.

Q & A

Why did octopuses lose their protective shells?
-Octopuses lost their protective shells around 140 million years ago, which made them more nimble and agile, but also more vulnerable to predators. This vulnerability became a selective pressure that allowed the octopus to evolve into the remarkable creature it is today.
How does an octopus change color so quickly?
-An octopus can change color very quickly, in about 200 milliseconds, because the color change is controlled neurally rather than hormonally. This allows for faster signaling across the body.
Can an octopus see color?
-Octopuses are thought to be colorblind. Instead, their skin contains photoreceptors that allow them to perceive light and automatically match their skin color to their surroundings without visual input.
Why do octopuses have neurons in their arms?
-Octopuses have neurons distributed through their arms so they can partially think and respond to stimuli independently of the central brain. This allows for extremely quick information processing and reactions.
Is the octopus considered to be intelligent?
-Yes, the octopus is considered highly intelligent, with cognitive abilities rivaling many mammals. Their intelligence likely evolved for ecological reasons like finding food and evading predators.
Do octopuses use tools?
-There is some evidence of octopuses using tools, such as coconut shells, for protection. This demonstrates complex behaviors like planning for future needs.
Do octopuses play?
-Yes, octopuses exhibit playful behavior like repeatedly shooting jets of water to bounce floating objects back and forth. The reasons for play in a non-social animal like the octopus remain unclear.
What killed off many ancient cephalopods?
-A mass extinction event about 360 million years ago, potentially caused by shifting continents and climate change, wiped out many of the ancient cephalopod species that had dominated the oceans.
Are octopuses and humans related?
-Only very distantly. We share a common ancestor, a simple flatworm-like creature with a basic nervous system, but octopuses evolved intelligence entirely separately on the evolutionary tree.
What can the octopus teach us about the evolution of intelligence?
-The octopus shows us that social pressures are not strictly necessary for intelligence to evolve. Studying their ecology-driven intelligence expands our understanding of cognition possibilities on Earth and beyond.

Outlines

00:00

🐙 The Amazing Adaptations and Intelligence of the Octopus

This paragraph provides background on octopuses, describing them as remarkable creatures that are highly intelligent and mobile compared to other invertebrates. It covers details about their habitat, diversity, ability to camouflage, and how their neurons are distributed throughout their body.

05:00

🦑 Masterful Camouflage and Skin That Can See

This paragraph explains the sophisticated camouflage abilities of the octopus, including specialized pigment cells, reflective layers, and skin texture changes that allow it to disappear against backgrounds. It discusses findings that an octopus's skin can detect light and initiate camouflage changes, allowing a decentralized neural control.

10:04

🧠 Two Independent Paths to Intelligence on Earth

This paragraph contrasts the evolution of intelligence in octopuses versus vertebrates like humans, noting that despite our vast differences, octopuses exhibit complex behaviors rivaling many intelligent vertebrates. It traces our evolutionary split back to a simple flatworm ancestor, indicating intelligence evolved separately in two very different ways.

15:08

🤔 Understanding and Evaluating Octopus Intelligence

This paragraph considers how to define and measure intelligence in octopuses given differences from humans, summarizing demonstrated cognitive abilities like planning, memory, playfulness and innovation. It contrasts theories on social versus ecological pressures driving intelligence.

20:10

🌊 Ancient Origins and Mass Extinctions in the Oceans

This closing paragraph reflects on the shared ancestry of octopuses and humans in ancient oceans, noting they are a distant relative versus truly alien. It transitions to introduce a documentary on mass extinctions in ancient oceans wiping out many creatures related to the octopus.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡cephalopod

Cephalopods are a class of mollusks that include octopuses, squid, cuttlefish, and nautiluses. They are known for their large brains, advanced nervous systems, and extreme intelligence compared to other invertebrates. The video explores how and why such intelligence evolved in cephalopods separately from vertebrate intelligence.

💡camouflage

Octopuses have highly advanced camouflage abilities, allowing them to change skin color, texture, and pattern rapidly to match their surroundings. This helps them evade predators and is evidence of the intelligence needed to constantly assess and match a complex background. It likely evolved due to extreme predation pressures.

💡chromatophore

Chromatophores are color-changing organs in octopus skin that allow it to camouflage. They demonstrate the distributed intelligence of the octopus, with skin that can sense light and initiate color change without input from the brain.

💡arm autonomy

Octopus arms have neural control and can sense, react and even make decisions independently of the central brain. This allows the octopus to process more sensory information and respond quicker, evidence of the intelligence needed to survive as soft-bodied predators.

💡play behavior

Octopuses exhibit play behavior - repeating an action, like bouncing a bottle, for no purpose other than enjoyment. This shows intelligence for tasks beyond survival needs and makes scientists rethink why play behavior evolves.

💡ecological intelligence hypothesis

This theory for intelligence evolving due to pressures of finding food and evading predators likely explains octopus intelligence better than the social intelligence hypothesis based on group living demands.

💡tool use

Octopuses may use tools like coconut shells for future protection needs - very rare in invertebrates. This shows evidence of planning abilities and complex, vertebrate-like intelligence.

💡mass extinction

Mass extinctions, like the Ordovician one briefly mentioned, wiped out many ancient cephalopod species but likely led to selection pressures that spurred evolution of octopus intelligence.

💡convergent evolution

Octopuses and humans evolved intelligence in completely different ways from simple, common ancestors, demonstrating that complex intelligence can evolve through convergent evolution along different branches.

💡distributed intelligence

Octopus intelligence is spread through the body - skin senses light, arms react independently. This demonstrates that intelligence doesn't require a centralized brain and we have much to learn about cognition in odd life forms.

Highlights

The octopus is remarkably intelligent and bizarre among invertebrates

Octopuses can change color and texture rapidly to camouflage themselves

An octopus's camouflage reaction time is faster than any other animal's

Octopuses can see using photoreceptors in their skin as well as their eyes

Octopuses can think independently with their arms without input from their central brain

Octopuses have unusually large, complex nervous systems compared to other invertebrates

Octopuses compete with vertebrates in raw cognitive ability despite evolving intelligence separately

Octopuses use tools, plan for the future, have good memories, and play

Play in octopuses challenges theories that play evolved due to social needs

Octopus intelligence supports the idea that predator evasion pressures drove evolution of intelligence

Octopuses give insight into alternate pathways for evolution of intelligence

Cephalopods dominated oceans for 360 million years until mass extinctions

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Transcripts

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