The Disastrous Attempt To Reach The North Pole In A WW1 Submarine | Frozen North | Timeline
TLDRThe video script narrates the extraordinary journey of Australian explorer Sir Hubert Wilkins, who embarked on a daring expedition to reach the North Pole in a submarine named Nautilus. Despite facing numerous challenges, including a damaged steering system and harsh Arctic conditions, Wilkins and his crew conducted pioneering scientific research, contributing significantly to our understanding of the Arctic region. Although their mission was fraught with difficulties and ultimately fell short of reaching the North Pole, their efforts laid the groundwork for future submarine explorations. The script also highlights the rediscovery of the Nautilus and the ongoing quest to uncover the truth behind the mysterious loss of its diving rudders, adding a layer of intrigue to the tale.
Takeaways
- ๐ The Arctic was largely unexplored at the beginning of the 20th century, with many expeditions risking their lives to reach the North Pole first.
- โ๏ธ In 1926, the first person to reach the North Pole was Norwegian Roald Amundsen, who used an airship that took just 17 hours.
- ๐ค Australian explorer Hubert Wilkins aimed to reach the North Pole in a submarine under the ice, attempting a unique and dangerous expedition.
- ๐ธ Wilkins was a multi-talented individual, skilled as a pilot, photographer, cameraman, and reporter, with a passion for exploration.
- ๐ซ In 1928, Wilkins completed the first transatlantic flight from Alaska to Europe, collecting data to help understand global weather fluctuations.
- ๐ฐ He was knighted by King George V and celebrated with a parade on Fifth Avenue in New York, meeting his future wife, Suzanne Bennett, during the celebrations.
- ๐ฐ Wilkins faced financial challenges, renting a World War I submarine from the US Navy for $1 a year and equipping it for Arctic research.
- ๐ฌ His scientific goal was to collect data to improve weather forecasts, believing that a submarine could be useful for national defense and commercial development.
- ๐ฐ Wilkins' plan to have a submarine and a Zeppelin meet at the North Pole made international headlines and attracted the interest of Walt Disney.
- โ๏ธ The Nautilus, named after the submarine in Jules Verne's novel, was modified with special features to withstand the harsh Arctic conditions, including an ice borer and a hydraulic flap.
- โฑ๏ธ Time was a critical factor for the expedition, with the crew racing against the clock to reach the North Pole before the onset of Arctic winter.
- ๐ Despite the challenges and eventual abandonment of the mission to reach the North Pole, Wilkins' expedition contributed significantly to the scientific understanding of the Arctic and its impact on global weather patterns.
Q & A
What was the significance of the Arctic in the early 20th century?
-In the early 20th century, the Arctic was still a mystery and a significant challenge for explorers. It was believed that there could be undiscovered lands under the ice, and reaching the North Pole was a major goal for many expeditions.
Who was the first person to reach the North Pole?
-The first person to reach the North Pole was Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen, who achieved this feat in 1926 using an airship.
What was Hubert Wilkins' unique approach to reaching the North Pole?
-Hubert Wilkins, an Australian polar explorer, aimed to reach the North Pole using a submarine, which was a novel approach at the time, under the ice.
What was the name of the submarine Hubert Wilkins used for his Arctic expedition?
-The submarine used by Hubert Wilkins for his Arctic expedition was named Nautilus, inspired by Jules Verne's legendary submarine in '20,000 Leagues Under the Sea'.
What was the scientific goal of Wilkins' submarine expedition?
-Wilkins' scientific goal was to collect data to improve Europe's weather forecasts and to understand the role of the Arctic Ocean in global weather patterns and climate.
Why was the Nautilus submarine considered unique and unusual for its time?
-The Nautilus was considered unique and unusual because it was equipped with special features for Arctic exploration, such as a wooden superstructure with skids, a shock absorber at the bow, an ice borer for emergencies, and a hydraulic flap to maintain a safe distance below the ice.
What was the role of the Nautilus in understanding the Earth's shape?
-The Nautilus played a significant role in determining the Earth's shape by conducting gravity measurements using a special pendulum. These measurements helped confirm that the Earth is flattened at the poles.
Why was the Nautilus submarine eventually abandoned?
-The Nautilus submarine was abandoned due to a combination of factors, including engine failures, harsh Arctic conditions, and the loss of vital parts of the steering system, which made it unsafe to continue the mission.
What was the ultimate fate of the original Nautilus submarine?
-The original Nautilus submarine was ordered to be sunk off the Norwegian Coast by the US Navy, which still owned the boat.
How did Wilkins' expedition contribute to the advancement of submarine technology?
-Wilkins' expedition proved that submarines could dive safely under the polar ice cap, which was a significant advancement. His journey laid the groundwork for future submarine technology, including the development of nuclear-powered submarines capable of long-distance dives under ice.
What was the legacy of Sir Hubert Wilkins and his Nautilus expedition?
-Sir Hubert Wilkins and his Nautilus expedition made a major contribution to the understanding of the Arctic and the role of the polar regions in global climate. His work provided valuable data from high latitudes and helped pave the way for future Arctic observation networks and the advancement of submarine technology.
Outlines
๐ The Arctic's Early 20th Century Mysteries
The script begins with the Arctic's enigmatic status in the early 20th century, highlighting the perilous expeditions that sought to be the first to reach the North Pole. The narrative then shifts to the advent of air travel with Roald Amundsen's successful airship journey to the pole in 1926. It introduces Hubert Wilkins, an Australian explorer with a passion for understanding weather and climate, who aims to make history by reaching the North Pole in a submarine.
๐ Wilkins' Submarine Expedition and Scientific Goals
This paragraph details Hubert Wilkins' ambitious plan to reach the North Pole via a submarine,ๆน่ฃ ่ช็ฌฌไธๆฌกไธ็ๅคงๆ็ๆฝ่๏ผๅนถๅฐๅ ถ่ฃ ๅคๆๅๆ็ ็ฉถ็ๅฎ้ชๅฎคใ Wilkins' scientific aim was to collect data to improve weather forecasts in Europe. The narrative also mentions his meeting with Suzanne Bennett and his subsequent marriage, as well as the financial backing he received from newspaper mogul R. O. Hurst, contingent upon a successful rendezvous with a Zeppelin at the North Pole.
๐ ๏ธ Preparing the Nautilus for the Arctic
The script describes the modifications made to the submarine, named Nautilus, in preparation for the extreme Arctic conditions. These included building a wooden superstructure with skids, a shock absorber at the bow, and a special ice borer for emergencies. Despite initial setbacks, such as the ice borer getting stuck during a test, Wilkins was eager to commence the expedition before the onset of Arctic winter.
โ๏ธ Departure and Challenges at Sea
The journey of the Nautilus and her crew is fraught with difficulties. After departing New York, the submarine faces a violent storm in the Atlantic, leading to engine failure and a distress call to the USS Wyoming. The crew's morale is divided between continuing the expedition and abandoning it. Upon reaching Plymouth, further repairs are needed, causing further delays.
๐งญ Scientific Research and the Quest for the Pole
Despite the hardships, Wilkins and his crew continue their scientific research, including measuring gravity to determine the Earth's shape and studying marine life in the Arctic depths. As they approach the North Pole, the conditions on board worsen, with freezing temperatures and the risk of the submarine's water pipes freezing. Yet, the team persists with their work, uncovering valuable insights into the Arctic's ecological and physical characteristics.
๐จ๏ธ The Risky Dive Under the Arctic Ice
The script recounts the Nautilus' historic dive under the Arctic ice cap, a first for any submarine. The crew discovers that conditions under the ice are lighter than expected, but the dive also damages the radio aerial, cutting them off from the world. Despite the challenges, Wilkins is determined to continue the mission, demonstrating the potential of submarines in polar exploration.
๐ก Loss of Communication and the Search for Proof
With the radio aerial damaged, the Nautilus is unable to communicate with the outside world, leading to concerns for their safety back home. Wilkins and his crew struggle to find proof of their under-ice journey, filming their dives and using a nanson bottle to collect crucial oceanographic data. The expedition's backer, Randolph Hurst, urges them to return, and funding is halted, posing a financial crisis for Wilkins.
๐ The Discovery of the Gulf Stream's Arctic Branch
The Nautilus' research uncovers the existence of a branch of the Gulf Stream extending into the Arctic, which influences Europe's mild climate. This discovery is significant for understanding global climate systems. Despite the valuable data collected, Wilkins is forced to abandon his dream of reaching the North Pole due to the submarine's deteriorating condition after a storm.
๐ดโโ ๏ธ The Legacy of the Nautilus and Wilkins' Dream
The Nautilus is eventually ordered to be sunk off the Norwegian coast by the US Navy, marking the end of its voyage. Wilkins returns to America with his dream unfulfilled, but his expedition's legacy lives on in the scientific data collected. The narrative then leaps forward to the launch of a new nuclear-powered submarine, also named Nautilus, capable of fulfilling Wilkins' dream of diving long distances under the ice.
๐ The Search for the Lost Nautilus and the Truth Behind its Fate
Modern scientists using a submersible attempt to locate and study the remains of Wilkins' Nautilus on the ocean floor. They hope to uncover the reason for the expedition's abrupt end and investigate the theory of sabotage. The search is hindered by the submarine's depth rating and the challenging underwater conditions, but the team is determined to solve the mystery.
๐๏ธ Wilkins' Lasting Impact on Arctic Exploration
The script concludes with a tribute to Sir Hubert Wilkins' pioneering efforts in Arctic exploration. Despite the setbacks and the loss of the original Nautilus, his work has contributed significantly to our understanding of the Arctic region. The narrative reflects on Wilkins' unwavering dream of reaching the North Pole and his lasting influence on future generations of explorers and scientists.
Mindmap
Keywords
๐กArctic
๐กExploration
๐กSubmarine
๐กHubert Wilkins
๐กClimate Research
๐กNautilus
๐กSabotage
๐กGulf Stream
๐กNuclear-Powered Submarine
๐กUnder Ice Navigation
๐กPolar Exploration
Highlights
In 1926, the first person to reach the North Pole was Norwegian Roald Amundsen, using an airship that took just 17 hours.
Hubert Wilkins, an Australian polar explorer, aimed to reach the North Pole in a submarine under the ice in 1931.
Wilkins was the 13th child of an English sheep farmer and developed a lifelong quest to understand weather and climate from his outdoor life in Australia.
Wilkins' first transarc flight in 1928 from Alaska to the northern edge of Europe was a pioneering journey that earned him fame and a knighthood.
He rented a World War I submarine from the US Navy for $1 a year to use as a laboratory for Arctic research.
Wilkins' scientific goal was to collect data to improve Europe's weather forecasts and demonstrate the submarine's utility for national defense and commercial development.
The submarine Nautilus was named after the legendary vessel in Jules Verne's '20,000 Leagues Under the Sea'.
Wilkins converted the submarine's torpedo room into an airlock for direct access to the deep ocean, a first in scientific exploration.
Nautilus was equipped with a special ice borer to cut an escape hole to the surface in case of being trapped under the sea ice.
During sea trials, Nautilus nearly suffered a catastrophic failure but was saved by luck when the water pressure did not crush the submarine.
Wilkins faced criticism and financial constraints, which he defended in a 350-page book titled 'Under the North Pole'.
Nautilus and her crew faced a violent storm during the Atlantic crossing, resulting in engine failure and an SOS signal.
The submarine was repaired multiple times, losing valuable time, and faced a race against time to reach the North Pole before Arctic winter.
Wilkins received a telegram from his sponsor Randolph Hurst asking to cancel the expedition, but he was undeterred.
Nautilus became the first to dive under the Arctic ice cap, despite damaged radio equipment leaving them isolated.
Wilkins and his crew conducted valuable scientific research in the Arctic Ocean, discovering the influence of the Gulf Stream on Europe's climate.
The Nautilus expedition provided priceless data from high latitudes, contributing to our understanding of the Arctic's role in global climate patterns.
After the expedition, the Nautilus was ordered to be sunk off the Norwegian Coast by the US Navy, its final resting place.
Modern submersible exploration has found no evidence of sabotage on the Nautilus, supporting the theory that the damage was due to the harsh Arctic conditions.
Wilkins' legacy is acknowledged as one of the 20th century's greatest polar explorers, and his submarine expedition is an important part of scientific history.
Transcripts
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