How IMPERIAL States EXPANDED, 1750-1900 [AP World History Review—Unit 6 Topic 2]

Heimler's History
29 Jan 202407:44
EducationalLearning
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TLDRThe video script discusses the second wave of imperialism from 1750 to 1900, highlighting the shift in geographical focus towards Africa and Asia, and the emergence of new imperial powers like Germany, Italy, Belgium, the United States, and Japan. It outlines four major methods of state expansion: state takeovers of private colonies, diplomacy and warfare, establishment of settler colonies, and conquest of neighboring territories. The script uses examples like the Belgian Congo, the Berlin Conference, French expansion into Algeria, British settler colonies in Australia and New Zealand, American Manifest Destiny, Russian expansion, and Japanese imperialism to illustrate these methods.

Takeaways
  • 🌍 The second wave of imperialism (1750-1900) shifted the geographical focus from the Americas to Africa, Asia, and Southeast Asia.
  • 🔄 There was a change in the leading imperial states, with Spain and Portugal declining and new players like Germany, Italy, Belgium, the United States, and Japan emerging.
  • 🏛️ State takeovers of private colonies were a method of expansion, exemplified by Belgium's control over the Congo Free State.
  • 🤝 Diplomacy and negotiation played a significant role in the colonization of Africa, with the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 being a key event.
  • 🛡️ Warfare was used as a method of expansion, as seen in the French invasion of Algeria following diplomatic tensions.
  • 🏡 Settler colonies were established by imperial powers in already inhabited territories, such as British colonies in Australia and New Zealand.
  • 📈 The concept of 'Manifest Destiny' drove the United States' westward expansion, leading to the displacement of indigenous peoples and cultural assimilation policies.
  • 🇷🇺 Russia's expansion in the 19th century was fueled by panslavism and the desire for great power status, leading to the claiming of neighboring territories.
  • 🇯🇵 Japan's rapid industrialization and modernization led to its participation in imperialism, expanding its influence over Korea, Manchuria, and parts of China.
  • 📊 The competition among European powers to hold the most territory worldwide was a significant driver of the new wave of imperialism.
  • 🌐 The arbitrary borders drawn during the Berlin Conference and other imperial expansions led to the division of ethnic groups and the merging of rivals, causing long-term issues.
Q & A

  • What was the primary focus of European Imperial expansion during the second wave of imperialism?

    -During the second wave of imperialism, from 1750 to 1900, the primary focus of European Imperial expansion was Africa, Asia, and Southeast Asia, with less emphasis on the Americas compared to the first wave.

  • How did the geographical focus of imperialism change between the first and second wave?

    -In the first wave of imperialism (1450 to 1750), the focus was heavily on the Americas, various regions of Asia and Southeast Asia, and to a lesser extent, Africa. In contrast, the second wave (1750 to 1900) saw a shift towards Africa, Asia, and Southeast Asia, with less focus on the Americas.

  • Which European powers were the first movers in building maritime empires, and how did their importance change in the second wave of imperialism?

    -Spain and Portugal were the first movers in building maritime empires. However, during the second wave of imperialism, their importance declined as they started losing control of their colonial holdings, while other powers like Great Britain, France, and the Dutch continued to play significant roles, and new players such as Germany, Italy, Belgium, the United States, and Japan entered the imperial stage.

  • What is an example of state takeover of private colonies during the second wave of imperialism?

    -An example of state takeover of private colonies is the Belgian Congo, which was a private colony controlled by King Leopold II of Belgium. Due to public outrage over the exploitation and atrocities committed, the Belgian government eventually took control of the Congo in 1908.

  • What was the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885, and how did it influence the colonization of Africa?

    -The Berlin Conference was a meeting of major European powers to negotiate and divide African territories among themselves without the input of African leaders. It led to the Scramble for Africa, where European nations competed to claim as much territory as possible, resulting in borders that divided ethnic groups and combined rivals, causing long-term issues.

  • How did France expand its power into Africa through warfare?

    -France expanded its power into Africa through warfare by invading Algeria in response to a diplomatic incident involving the Algerian ruler hitting a French diplomat with a fly swatter. This led to a full-scale invasion, and despite resistance, France eventually established control over parts of North Africa.

  • What is the significance of settler colonies in the context of the second wave of imperialism?

    -Settler colonies involved an imperial power claiming an already inhabited territory and sending its own people to live there, establishing an outpost of their society. This method was significant in the second wave as it led to the displacement of indigenous populations and the spread of diseases, as seen in the British establishment of settler colonies in Australia and New Zealand.

  • What is the concept of Manifest Destiny as it relates to American westward expansion?

    -Manifest Destiny was the belief that Americans were divinely destined to expand westward across the continent, from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This concept fueled the displacement of indigenous peoples and the establishment of reservations, as well as policies of forcible assimilation.

  • How did Japan join the imperial game and expand its influence during the second wave of imperialism?

    -Japan joined the imperial game by rapidly industrializing and modernizing its military during the Meiji Restoration. It then expanded its influence over Korea, Manchuria, and parts of China, following the pattern of other industrialized nations by building an empire.

  • What was the role of panslavism in Russian expansion during the second wave of imperialism?

    -Panslavism was a political doctrine that aimed to unite all Slavic peoples under Russian authority, including those living under Ottoman and Austrian rule. This ideology, combined with the desire for great power status, led Russia to claim neighboring territories, such as the step lands of the Khaak nomads and expansion into three Central Asian states to the south.

Outlines
00:00
🌍 Shifts in Imperial Focus and New Players

This paragraph introduces the second wave of imperialism, highlighting the shift in geographical focus from the Americas and Asia to Africa and Southeast Asia. It also notes the change in dominant imperial states, with Spain and Portugal declining and new powers like Germany, Italy, Belgium, the United States, and Japan emerging. The paragraph sets the stage for a comparison of various methods used by these states to expand their influence globally.

05:00
📜 Methods of Imperial Expansion: State Takeovers and Diplomacy

The paragraph discusses four major methods of imperial expansion during the second wave. The first method involves state takeovers of private colonies, exemplified by King Leopold II's control over the Congo Free State. The second method, diplomacy, is illustrated by the Berlin Conference, where European powers negotiated the division of Africa without African input, leading to arbitrary borders and ethnic tensions. The paragraph also touches on warfare and settler colonies as methods of expansion, with the French invasion of Algeria as a case study.

🏡 Settler Colonies and Neighborly Conquests

This section delves into the third and fourth methods of imperial expansion: settler colonies and conquering neighboring territories. Settler colonies are described through the British establishment of colonies in Australia and New Zealand, leading to the displacement and decimation of indigenous populations. The paragraph then discusses the concept of 'Manifest Destiny' and the U.S. westward expansion, as well as Russia's pan-Slavic campaigns and Japan's imperial ambitions, emphasizing the ease of conquering nearby territories compared to overseas expansion.

Mindmap
Keywords
💡Imperialism
Imperialism refers to the policy or ideology of extending a nation's power and influence through colonization, use of military force, or other means. In the context of the video, it specifically addresses the second wave of imperialism from 1750 to 1900, focusing on European powers and their expansion into Africa, Asia, and Southeast Asia.
💡State Takeovers
State takeovers refer to the process by which a government assumes control over territories that were previously privately owned or managed. In the video, this concept is exemplified by the Belgian government's eventual control over the Congo Free State, which was initially a private colony controlled by King Leopold II of Belgium.
💡Diplomacy
Diplomacy is the practice of conducting negotiations and making agreements between states through dialogue and negotiation, as opposed to using military force or warfare. The video highlights the Berlin Conference as a key example of diplomacy, where European powers negotiated and divided African territories among themselves, leading to the Scramble for Africa.
💡Warfare
Warfare refers to the conduct and progression of battles and conflicts between states or groups. In the context of the video, warfare is used as a method of state expansion, particularly in the colonization of Africa. The French invasion of Algeria is cited as an example of warfare being used to secure territorial claims.
💡Settler Colonies
Settler colonies are territories that are claimed by an imperial power and then populated by settlers from the imperial nation, effectively establishing an outpost of the imperial society in a new location. The video discusses how Britain established settler colonies in the South Pacific, such as Australia and New Zealand, leading to the displacement and decimation of indigenous populations.
💡Manifest Destiny
Manifest Destiny was the 19th-century belief that the United States was destined, by God, to expand across the entire continent, from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific Ocean. It was used to justify westward expansion and the displacement of indigenous peoples.
💡Panslavism
Panslavism is a political and cultural movement advocating for the unity of all Slavic peoples under a single government, typically under Russian leadership. In the video, it is mentioned as a driving force behind Russia's expansionist policies in the 19th century, aiming to bring Slavic peoples under Russian rule.
💡Industrialization
Industrialization is the period of rapid industrial growth and the transformation of a society from manual labor to machine-based manufacturing. The video discusses how Japan's rapid industrialization during the Meiji Restoration allowed it to modernize its military and join the imperial powers by expanding its influence over Korea, Manchuria, and parts of China.
💡Colonization
Colonization is the process by which a nation establishes control over a territory, often inhabited by indigenous peoples, and develops it for its own economic or strategic benefit. The video outlines various methods of colonization, including state takeovers, diplomacy, warfare, and the establishment of settler colonies.
💡Scramble for Africa
The Scramble for Africa refers to the rapid occupation and division of African territories by European powers during the late 19th century. It was characterized by intense competition and a rush to claim as much territory as possible, often with little regard for the existing ethnic and cultural divisions within Africa.
Highlights

The second wave of imperialism focused on Africa, Asia, and Southeast Asia, moving away from the Americas which were the primary targets in the first wave.

There was a shift in power dynamics as Spain and Portugal began to decline, making way for new imperial states like Germany, Italy, Belgium, the United States, and Japan.

One method of imperial expansion was state takeovers of private colonies, exemplified by King Leopold II of Belgium's control over the Congo Free State.

Diplomacy played a crucial role in the colonization of Africa, with the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 being a pivotal event where European powers negotiated and divided African territories.

Warfare was another method of state expansion, as seen in the French invasion of Algeria following diplomatic tensions and the subsequent claim over North African territories.

Transcripts

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ImperialismHistoryColonialExpansionStatePowerMethodsScrambleForAfricaBerlinConferenceEuropeanColoniesManifestDestinyRussianExpansionJapaneseEmpireGlobalCompetition