INDIGENOUS RESPONSES to State Expansion 1750-1900 [AP World History] Unit 6 Topic 3 (6.3)

Heimler's History
28 Jan 202007:13
EducationalLearning
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TLDRThis video script from Heimler's History explores the global wave of imperialism from 1750-1900 and its impact on indigenous peoples. It highlights the resistance movements that arose in response to imperial expansion, such as the Cherokee's assimilation and the Ghost Dance in America, the rebellion led by Tupac Amaru II in Peru, and the Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement in South Africa. The script also touches on the establishment of the Sokoto Caliphate in West Africa and the rise of nationalism in the Balkans, emphasizing the complex interactions between empires and the native populations they encountered.

Takeaways
  • 🌍 The period from 1750-1900 was marked by a massive wave of imperialism, with European powers expanding their territories globally.
  • 👥 Indigenous people often resisted imperial intrusion, contradicting any notion of welcoming colonization.
  • 🏴 A surge of nationalism among indigenous populations was a common response to imperial encroachment, leading to various forms of resistance.
  • 🇺🇸 In the Americas, the Cherokee Indians attempted assimilation to coexist with American expansion, but faced removal and suffering with the discovery of gold on their land.
  • 🐿 The Ghost Dance movement symbolized a significant indigenous resistance effort in America, aiming to restore native lands before being crushed at Wounded Knee in 1890.
  • 🇨🇵 Tupac Amaru II's rebellion in Peru against Spanish colonial abuse represents a notable resistance in South America, ending with his execution.
  • 🇲🇽 Benito Juarez of Mexico, of indigenous Zapotec origin, fought against French intervention and conservative government elements, ultimately leading to the expulsion of French forces.
  • 🇦🇺 In Australia, despite British instructions to treat Aboriginal peoples kindly, settlers encroached on native lands, leading to significant native resistance and loss.
  • 🏰 In Africa, resistance to European colonization took various forms, from the Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement in South Africa to armed conflicts like the Mahdist Revolt in Sudan.
  • 🗽 In the Balkans, nationalism and resentment towards Ottoman rule sparked independence movements, leading to the establishment of new states.
Q & A

  • What was the general reaction of indigenous peoples to imperial expansion from 1750-1900?

    -The indigenous peoples often resented imperial intrusion and in many cases, this led to a surge of nationalism and resistance against the encroachment of imperial powers.

  • How did the Proclamation of 1763 relate to American expansion and indigenous peoples?

    -The Proclamation of 1763, issued by the British, reserved lands in the Ohio River Valley for native peoples after Britain won territory from France. However, Americans ignored this and pushed west into these lands, demonstrating early resistance to British control and disregard for native lands.

  • What strategy did the Cherokee Indians adopt in response to American expansion?

    -The Cherokee Indians attempted to carve out a space for themselves by assimilating culturally with Americans, adopting a constitutional government patterned after the U.S. Constitution, and adopting American cultural customs.

  • What led to the Indian Removal Act of 1830 and what was its consequence?

    -The discovery of gold on Cherokee land led to the Indian Removal Act of 1830, which forced the Cherokee and other indigenous peoples to move to the Oklahoma Territory along the Trail of Tears.

  • What was the Ghost Dance movement and its outcome?

    -The Ghost Dance movement was a set of ritualistic dances and songs performed by native peoples in the northwest, believing it would hasten the return of their ancestral dead to drive out white settlers. It culminated in the conflict at Wounded Knee in 1890, marking the end of the Indian Wars in America.

  • Who was Tupac Amaru II and what was the result of his rebellion?

    -Tupac Amaru II was a hereditary leader in Peru who led an armed rebellion against Spanish colonial leaders due to their abuses. The rebellion spread but was eventually crushed, with Amaru being captured and executed, marking the last major Indian revolt against Spain in the region.

  • How did Benito Juarez and the French occupation relate to Mexico's resistance to imperialism?

    -Benito Juarez, of Zapotec descent and a liberal, resisted foreign influence in Mexico, particularly from the French. After a conspiracy with European powers to oust Juarez, the French occupation faced armed resistance from Mexicans and was eventually ousted.

  • What was the Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement and its effects?

    -The Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement was a response by the Xhosa people in South Africa to their cattle dying from diseases thought to be from European cattle. They killed over 400,000 of their own cattle in the belief it would drive Europeans out, but it resulted in famine and death instead.

  • What was the outcome of the Sokoto Caliphate's resistance to British annexation?

    -Despite resistance, the Sokoto Caliphate was designated as British territory at the Berlin Conference and was dismantled and made a protectorate of Britain by 1903.

  • What was the impact of nationalism in the Balkans against Ottoman rule?

    -Nationalism in the Balkans led to a strong wave of resistance against the Ottoman Empire, resulting in many Balkan states, including Greece, Serbia, and Bulgaria, gaining independence and establishing new states.

Outlines
00:00
🌍 Imperial Expansion and Indigenous Resistance

This paragraph discusses the wave of imperialism from 1750-1900 and its impact on indigenous peoples. It highlights the common resistance against imperial intrusions, such as the American Indians' Ghost Dance movement and the Cherokee's assimilation efforts. It also touches on the resistance in other regions like Peru, where Tupac Amaru II led a rebellion, and Mexico, where Benito Juarez fought against foreign influence. The paragraph emphasizes the global nature of indigenous resistance to imperialism.

05:04
🏞️ Indigenous Struggles in the Americas and Africa

The second paragraph delves into specific examples of indigenous resistance and the tragic outcomes in the Americas and Africa. It describes the Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement in South Africa, the Sokoto Caliphate's fall to British control, and Samory Toure's resistance in West Africa. Additionally, it covers the Mahdist Revolt in Sudan and the rise of nationalism in the Balkans, which led to independence movements against the Ottoman Empire. The summary underscores the diverse and often tragic responses of indigenous peoples to colonial encroachment.

Mindmap
Keywords
💡Imperialism
Imperialism refers to the policy or ideology of extending a nation's power and influence through colonization, use of military force, or other means. In the video, it is the driving force behind the expansion of empires from 1750-1900, leading to the subjugation and resistance of indigenous peoples worldwide.
💡Nationalism
Nationalism is a political and social ideology that places the interests of the nation, and often a specific ethnic or cultural group within the nation, above those of other nations or groups. In the context of the video, nationalism often led to resistance movements against imperial powers, as indigenous peoples sought to protect their lands and cultures.
💡Assimilation
Assimilation is the process by which a minority group or culture comes to resemble those of a dominant group or culture, often by adopting its language, customs, and institutions. In the video, the Cherokee Indians attempted to assimilate by adopting American cultural customs and creating a government based on the U.S. Constitution.
💡Ghost Dance
The Ghost Dance was a religious and political movement among Native American tribes in the late 19th century, characterized by ritualistic dances and songs believed to hasten the return of ancestral spirits and the removal of white settlers from their lands. In the video, it represents a significant resistance movement against the encroachment of imperial powers in America.
💡Tupac Amaru II
Tupac Amaru II was a Peruvian indigenous leader who led an armed rebellion against Spanish colonial rule in the late 18th century. His actions exemplify the resistance of indigenous peoples to imperial powers and the struggle for autonomy and self-governance.
💡Benito Juarez
Benito Juarez was a Mexican president of Zapotec descent known for his liberal policies and opposition to foreign influence in Mexico. His tenure was marked by resistance against European powers, particularly the French, who sought to exert control over Mexico.
💡Aboriginal Peoples
Aboriginal peoples refer to the indigenous populations living in a particular region before the arrival of colonizers or other外来 groups. In the video, the treatment of aboriginal peoples in Australia by British settlers illustrates the often harsh realities faced by indigenous communities under imperial rule.
💡Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement
The Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement was a period of social and political crisis in the 19th century among the Xhosa people of South Africa, during which they slaughtered their cattle in the belief that this would rid them of European influence and bring back their ancestral spirits. This had disastrous consequences, leading to famine and increased British control.
💡Sokoto Caliphate
The Sokoto Caliphate was an Islamic state in what is now Nigeria, established in 1804 and known for its thriving economy, partly based on the slave trade. It was a significant political and cultural entity in West Africa until it was dismantled by British colonial forces in the early 20th century.
💡Mahdist Revolt
The Mahdist Revolt, also known as the Mahdist War, was an Islamic rebellion in Sudan led by Muhammad Ahmad, who was believed to be the Mahdi, a prophesied redeemer of Islam. The revolt aimed to establish an Islamic state and resist British and Egyptian rule in Sudan.
💡Balkan Nationalism
Balkan nationalism refers to the strong sense of national identity and desire for independence among the various ethnic groups in the Balkan Peninsula during the 19th and early 20th centuries. This wave of nationalism led to uprisings against the Ottoman Empire and the establishment of several independent nation-states.
Highlights

The period from 1750-1900 saw a massive wave of imperialism across the globe.

Indigenous peoples often resented imperial intrusion rather than welcoming it.

A surge of nationalism among indigenous people led to resistance against imperial powers.

The United States began as a collection of British colonies, with the Proclamation of 1763 reserving lands for natives.

American settlers ignored the Proclamation of 1763 and pushed westward, leading to conflicts with native tribes.

The Cherokee Indians attempted assimilation, adopting American cultural customs and a constitutional government.

The discovery of gold on Cherokee lands led to their forced removal by the Indian Removal Act of 1830.

The Ghost Dance movement was a significant resistance by American Indians against the expansion of the United States.

The rebellion led by Tupac Amaru II in Peru was a major indigenous resistance against Spanish colonial rule.

Benito Juarez, of Zapotec heritage, resisted foreign influence in Mexico, leading to a conflict with European powers.

The French occupation of Mexico was short-lived due to armed resistance from the Mexican people.

In Australia, despite the British government's instructions to treat the aboriginal peoples kindly, settlers encroached on their lands.

The Xhosa people of South Africa fought against British colonial rule for over forty years in the 19th century.

The Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement was a spiritual response to the Xhosa's belief that European cattle were causing diseases.

The Sokoto Caliphate in West Africa resisted European colonization but was eventually made a British protectorate.

Samory Toure's resistance to French colonization in West Africa led to a series of conflicts known as Samory Toure’s War.

The Mahdist Revolt in Sudan successfully resisted British forces temporarily before the British reasserted control.

Nationalism in the Balkans led to uprisings against the Ottoman Empire, resulting in several Balkan states gaining independence.

Transcripts

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Imperialism ResistanceIndigenous StrugglesAP World HistoryNationalism RiseAmerican Westward ExpansionCherokee RemovalGhost Dance MovementPeruvian RebellionMexican LiberalismAfrican ColonizationBalkan Nationalism