AP World History (WHAP) Unit 9 Part 2: Economic Transformation (20th c.)

Anti-Social Studies
15 Mar 202115:38
EducationalLearning
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TLDRIn this installment of 'Antisocial Studies,' Emily Glankler delves into Unit 9, exploring how science and technology have revolutionized the global economy since 1900. She discusses the transformation from state economies to a global network, creating a worldwide hierarchy of states. Highlighting the pivotal role of oil and the 'Green Revolution' in economic expansion, she emphasizes the shift from agrarian societies to service and knowledge economies. Glankler also touches on the rise of multinational corporations and the resulting global inequality, setting the stage for modern challenges that require international cooperation.

Takeaways
  • 🌐 The script discusses the significant impact of science and technology on globalization from 1900 to the present, highlighting the vast changes in society, economy, and culture.
  • 🚀 It emphasizes the role of oil as a driving force for globalization, similar to how steam powered the industrial revolution, and the importance of the green revolution in agriculture led by Norman Borlaug.
  • 🌱 The green revolution, which originated in Mexico and significantly developed in India, utilized technology to increase crop yields, making agriculture more efficient and resistant to pests and drought.
  • 📈 The script outlines the acceleration of economic growth through the expansion of global trade routes, leading to a global economic hierarchy that differentiates developed and developing states.
  • 🏙️ It describes the evolution of economies, particularly the shift from industrial to knowledge economies in states like the United States, Britain, Belgium, Germany, and Japan.
  • 🛑 The concept of economic liberalization and free trade is explored, showing how it benefits developed states but can also disadvantage those that are less developed or newly independent.
  • 🌍 The rise of a global market by the end of the 20th century is highlighted, with examples like eBay and Amazon demonstrating the ease of buying products from around the world.
  • 💡 The script touches on the idea of a global middle class emerging due to economic relationships with knowledge economies and the prioritization of goods production for the global market.
  • 🔄 The spread of technology through globalization allows less developed countries to catch up more quickly, although it also contributes to global inequality.
  • 🌳 The environmental impact of economic advancement is mentioned, including the reliance on natural resources like oil and the potential for conflict over scarce resources.
  • 🔑 The script concludes by suggesting that solving the modern problems created by globalization will require global cooperation.
Q & A

  • What is the main theme of Unit 9 in the video?

    -The main theme of Unit 9 is globalization and how science and technology have brought significant changes from 1900 to the present.

  • What is the guiding question for part one of the series?

    -The guiding question for part one is to explain the extent to which science and technology have brought change from 1900 to the present.

  • How did the advancements in science and technology unify people and create societal, economic, and cultural advancements?

    -The advancements extended the economy from states to a global network of exchange, accelerating economic growth and creating a global economic hierarchy that divides states between developed and developing.

  • What is the significance of oil in the context of globalization?

    -Oil is significant as it played a similar role in globalization as steam did for the industrial revolution, leading to rapid economic expansion throughout the 20th century.

  • Who is known as the father of the Green Revolution and what was its impact?

    -Norman Borlaug, an American scientist, is known as the father of the Green Revolution. It had a huge influence by using technology to grow crops more abundantly and efficiently, supporting the growing population.

  • What is the concept of a 'knowledge economy' as discussed in the video?

    -A 'knowledge economy' refers to states that have moved beyond industrial production to an economic model focused on the service industry, technology, and research and development.

  • What does economic liberalization mean in the context of globalization?

    -Economic liberalization refers to the reduction or elimination of economic barriers such as tariffs and quotas to facilitate free trade and openness in the global market.

  • How did the development of free trade agreements like NAFTA impact the global economy?

    -Free trade agreements like NAFTA created regional free trade zones, allowing for more efficient trade and production across borders, often benefiting the most developed states.

  • What is the role of multinational corporations in the global economy?

    -Multinational corporations, like Nike, have a global supply chain, sourcing raw materials from one state, manufacturing in another, and distributing worldwide, contributing to the interconnectedness of the global economy.

  • What are some of the modern problems created by the rapid advancement of the global economy?

    -Some modern problems include global inequality, conflicts over natural resources, and the vulnerability of economies dependent on scarce resources like oil.

  • What is the significance of the global market by the end of the 20th century?

    -The global market signifies the culmination of a centuries-long trend towards interconnectedness, allowing for instantaneous trade and the exchange of goods across the world, exemplified by platforms like eBay.

Outlines
00:00
🌐 Globalization and Economic Advancement

Emily Glankler introduces the second part of her series on Unit 9, focusing on the impact of science and technology on globalization from 1900 to the present. She discusses how advancements unified people and spurred economic, societal, and cultural growth. The script highlights the evolution from small trade routes to a global network, emphasizing the role of oil as a driving force and the Green Revolution's contribution to agriculture. Norman Borlaug's influence is recognized, and the script explains the shift from state economies to a global economy, creating a hierarchy of developed and developing states.

05:00
🛠️ Shift to Knowledge Economies and Economic Liberalization

The second paragraph delves into the transformation of economies from primarily agricultural to service and technology-based, with a focus on research and development. It outlines the shift from the majority of people being farmers to a new economic model where trade barriers are reduced through economic liberalization and free trade. Glankler explains how this benefits developed states but can disadvantage those trying to industrialize. The rise of multinational corporations and the spread of technology are also discussed, illustrating the global market's development and the challenges of keeping pace with rapid technological change.

10:03
🌱 Green Revolution and the Emergence of a Global Middle Class

In the third paragraph, Glankler discusses the Green Revolution's impact on agriculture and how it enabled states to increase crop yields and sell globally. This allowed knowledge economies to focus less on farming and more on technological advancement. The script also touches on the rise of a global middle class, with states like Mexico benefiting from NAFTA and others investing in agricultural technology. The paragraph highlights the explosion of technology, creativity, and new job opportunities, contrasting the scarcity of natural resources and the potential for conflict over them.

15:03
🌍 Global Inequality and the Challenges of the 21st Century

The final paragraph addresses the modern problems humanity faces due to globalization, such as global inequality and the vulnerability of economies dependent on resources like oil. Glankler points out the stark differences in wealth distribution among world regions, with North America holding the largest share. The script concludes by suggesting that solving these problems will require global cooperation, hinting at the topics to be covered in the third part of the series.

Mindmap
Keywords
💡Globalization
Globalization refers to the process of increased interconnectedness and interdependence among countries, particularly in terms of economic, cultural, and technological exchange. In the video, it is the overarching theme, with the script discussing how science and technology have accelerated economic growth by creating a global network of exchange, leading to a worldwide economic hierarchy.
💡Economic Growth
Economic growth is the increase in the production of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. The script highlights how globalization, driven by advancements in science and technology, has led to rapid economic expansion throughout the 20th century, particularly with the advent of new energy technologies and the green revolution.
💡Green Revolution
The Green Revolution denotes a series of technological advancements in agriculture that increased crop yields to support the growing global population. The script mentions Norman Borlaug, known as the father of the Green Revolution, and how his work in Mexico, supported by the Mexican government, led to significant advancements in agricultural productivity.
💡Genetically Modified Crops
Genetically modified crops are plants that have had changes introduced into their DNA using genetic engineering techniques. The script explains how the Green Revolution utilized technology to create crops that are insect resistant or drought resistant, thereby increasing agricultural efficiency and crop yields.
💡Global Economic Hierarchy
A global economic hierarchy refers to the ranking of countries based on their economic development and wealth. The script discusses how globalization has led to the creation of such a hierarchy, distinguishing between developed and developing states, and how it has influenced the dynamics of international trade and economic policy.
💡Knowledge Economies
Knowledge economies are economies based on the production, distribution, and use of knowledge and information. The script describes how certain states, particularly those that industrialized first, have transitioned into knowledge economies by the mid to late 20th century, focusing on service industries, technology, and research and development.
💡Economic Liberalization
Economic liberalization is the reduction or elimination of trade barriers, such as tariffs and quotas, to promote free trade. The script explains how knowledge economies advocate for economic liberalization to lower 'economic walls' and facilitate the global spread of goods and services.
💡Free Trade
Free trade is an economic policy that encourages minimal government intervention in trade, allowing goods to be traded across borders without artificial barriers. The script uses the example of NAFTA and the EU to illustrate how free trade agreements have developed to create regional free trade zones, aiming to increase economic efficiency and growth.
💡Global Market
A global market refers to a marketplace that operates worldwide, transcending national borders. The script provides examples like eBay and Amazon to demonstrate the concept of a global market, where consumers can purchase goods from any part of the world and have them delivered quickly.
💡Multinational Corporations
Multinational corporations are businesses that operate in multiple countries and are involved in the production, management, and marketing of goods and services on an international scale. The script uses Nike as an example to illustrate how these corporations source raw materials from one country, manufacture in another, and distribute globally, contributing to the interconnectedness of the global economy.
💡Global Inequality
Global inequality refers to the unequal distribution of wealth and resources among different countries and regions worldwide. The script discusses how the rapid advancement of the global economy and technology has led to significant disparities, with some regions, like North America, holding a much larger share of global wealth compared to others, such as India, Africa, and Latin America.
Highlights

Introduction to the second part of the series on Unit 9, focusing on the impact of science and technology on globalization from 1900 to the present.

The guiding question for the series is the extent to which science and technology have brought change, which is significant and transformative.

Discussion on how globalization has unified people and advanced society, economy, and culture through scientific and technological advancements.

Economic growth is accelerated by extending the economy from states to a global network of exchange, a culmination of the course's economic theme.

The evolution of trade routes from the Silk Road to the modern era, becoming more efficient and advanced due to science and technology.

The emergence of a global economic hierarchy dividing states into developed and developing, influenced by technological advancements.

The role of new energy technology, particularly oil, in driving rapid economic expansion during the 20th century.

The Green Revolution's impact on agriculture, supported by Norman Borlaug's work in Mexico and its global spread, especially in India.

The use of technology in agriculture, such as genetically modified crops, to increase yields and efficiency in food production.

The creation of a worldwide hierarchy of states due to globalization and the growth of the global economy.

The concept of knowledge economies at the top of the global hierarchy, characterized by service industries and technological innovation.

The push for economic liberalization and free trade by developed states to reduce trade barriers and promote global market integration.

The development of free trade agreements and regional economic zones, such as NAFTA and the EU, to facilitate trade and economic cooperation.

The spread of technology and knowledge economies through globalization, allowing less developed countries to catch up more quickly.

The emergence of a global market by the end of the 20th century, exemplified by online marketplaces like eBay and Amazon.

The rise of multinational corporations with global supply chains, founded in developed states but sourcing and producing worldwide.

The issue of global inequality driven by the rapid advancement of the economy and technology, leading to conflicts over scarce resources.

The vulnerability of modern economies to resource shortages and the potential for conflicts based on survival needs, such as access to oil or water.

The upcoming discussion in part three on modern problems created by globalization and the need for global cooperation to solve them.

Transcripts

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Related Tags
GlobalizationEconomic GrowthTechnological AdvancementGreen RevolutionKnowledge EconomiesGlobal HierarchyEconomic LiberalizationFree TradeGlobal MarketResource Conflicts