REACTIONS to the Industrial Revolution [AP World History Review—Unit 5 Topic 8]
TLDRThe video script delves into the mixed reactions to the Industrial Revolution and the rise of market capitalism. It highlights the struggles of the working class, who endured long hours and low pay, leading to calls for political, social, educational, and urban reforms. The formation of labor unions and the emergence of political parties advocating for workers' rights were significant developments. The script also discusses Karl Marx's critique of capitalism, predicting its downfall due to class struggle, as outlined in 'The Communist Manifesto.' Additionally, it explores state-level responses to industrialization, such as China's Self-Strengthening Movement and the Ottoman Empire's Tanzimat reforms, both aimed at modernization but met with varying degrees of success. The narrative underscores the complex interplay between industrialization, societal reform, and the quest for power and influence in the 19th century.
Takeaways
- 🏭 **Industrial Revolution Impact**: The Industrial Revolution led to a significant change in working conditions, with factory workers facing long hours and low pay, spurring calls for reform.
- 🗳️ **Political Reform**: As more people gained the right to vote, political parties had to adapt and include social reforms to appeal to the growing working-class electorate.
- 🤝 **Social Reform and Organizations**: The working class began to organize into societies that provided insurance and social events to improve their quality of life.
- 📚 **Educational Reform**: Compulsory education laws were passed, and education became a tool to prepare children for the more technical and specialized jobs emerging from the Second Industrial Revolution.
- 🏙️ **Urban Reforms**: Governments invested in sanitation infrastructure to address the problems caused by rapid urbanization and industrialization.
- 👷 **Labor Unions**: Workers banded together to form labor unions, which gave them collective bargaining power to negotiate for better wages, working hours, and conditions.
- 📈 **Unions and Political Power**: By the end of the 19th century, labor unions had grown significantly in numbers and influence, with some evolving into political parties advocating for workers' rights.
- 🤔 **Ideological Responses**: Individuals like Karl Marx critically analyzed the societal impacts of capitalism, predicting its eventual downfall due to inherent class struggle.
- 📜 **The Communist Manifesto**: Marx and Engels published their ideas on historical patterns and stages of class struggle, advocating for a classless society through a workers' revolution.
- 🏺 **China's Self-Strengthening Movement**: In response to Western industrialization, China attempted reforms to modernize while preserving traditional culture, but these were met with resistance and ultimately deemed insufficient.
- 🏰 **Ottoman Empire's Tanzimat Reforms**: The Ottoman Empire undertook more aggressive reforms, including industrialization and modernization of law and education, to counter its decline, although these efforts also faced significant challenges.
Q & A
What was one of the main reasons for the call for political reform during the Industrial Revolution?
-The call for political reform was largely due to the increasing recognition of the right to vote for more people in Western nations, which meant that long-standing political parties had to appeal to the interests of the growing working class who were newly eligible to vote.
How did the working class respond to the harsh conditions of industrial factory work?
-The working class began to call for reform in various areas, including political, social, educational, and urban reforms. They also started to organize into social societies for support and eventually formed labor unions to collectively bargain for better conditions.
What was the significance of compulsory education laws passed between 1870 and 1914 in Europe?
-The compulsory education laws were significant because they ensured that children between the ages of 6 and 12 were educated, preparing them for the more technical and specialized jobs that were emerging during the Second Industrial Revolution.
How did labor unions help workers during the Industrial Revolution?
-Labor unions provided a collective voice for workers, enabling them to negotiate and bargain with employers for higher wages, limited working hours, and improved working conditions, thus giving them more power to affect change in the system.
What was the goal of the German Social Democratic party formed out of the general German Workers Association?
-The goal of the German Social Democratic party was to enact Marxist reform in Germany, specifically aiming to transform the capitalist system of private ownership of the means of production to social ownership.
How did Karl Marx view the capitalist system?
-Karl Marx viewed capitalism as an unstable system that inherently created sharp class divisions and could not be sustained in the long run. He believed that the system would eventually lead to a violent revolution of the lower classes against the upper classes, resulting in a classless society.
What was the self-strengthening movement in China during the late 19th century?
-The self-strengthening movement was a series of reforms in China aimed at taking steps toward industrialization while also revitalizing traditional Chinese culture. It was a response to the invasion of Western powers and the defeat in the Opium Wars.
What was the outcome of the Sino-Japanese War for China's self-strengthening movement?
-The Sino-Japanese War resulted in a crushing defeat for China, which demonstrated the failure of the self-strengthening movement. The defeat highlighted the inadequacy of China's half-hearted program of modernization.
What was the 'Tongzhi Restoration' or 'Tongzhi reforms' in the Ottoman Empire?
-The 'Tongzhi Restoration' or 'Tongzhi reforms' in the Ottoman Empire was a more aggressive and transformative process of industrialization compared to China's self-strengthening movement. It included building textile factories, implementing western style law codes and courts, and establishing expansive, secular education systems.
What was the goal of the Young Ottomans?
-The Young Ottomans aimed to establish a European-style Parliament and a constitutional government that would limit the power of the absolutist Sultans, seeking widespread political change within the Ottoman Empire.
What was the ultimate fate of the Ottoman Empire despite its reforms and industrialization efforts?
-Despite the reforms and industrialization efforts, the Ottoman Empire was not able to prevent its eventual disintegration at the beginning of the 20th century, due in part to internal resistance to change and external pressures from industrialized nations.
Outlines
🏭 Impact of Industrial Revolution on Society and Reforms
The first paragraph discusses the discontent among the working class due to the Industrial Revolution and the rise of free-market capitalism. It highlights the long hours and poor pay in factories, leading to calls for various reforms. Political reform became necessary as more people gained the right to vote, prompting established parties to include social reforms in their platforms. Social reform involved the formation of societies to provide insurance and social events, while educational reform was driven by compulsory education laws and the need for a skilled workforce. Urban reforms addressed the poor living conditions in industrial cities, with governments investing in sanitation infrastructure. The rise of labor unions is also discussed, emphasizing their collective power to negotiate for better conditions and the emergence of political parties advocating for workers' rights. Lastly, the paragraph touches on the philosophical response to industrialization, particularly the ideas of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, who predicted a class struggle leading to a classless society as outlined in 'The Communist Manifesto'.
🌏 State Responses to Industrialization: China and the Ottoman Empire
The second paragraph explores the state-level responses to industrialization by China and the Ottoman Empire. China, after facing a trade deficit and subsequent Opium Wars with Britain, embarked on the Self-Strengthening Movement, a series of reforms aimed at industrialization while preserving Chinese culture. However, due to resistance from conservatives, the movement was only partially successful and was deemed a failure after China's defeat in the Sino-Japanese War. The Ottoman Empire, referred to as the 'sick man of Europe,' initiated the Tanzimat reforms, which were more aggressive and transformative than China's efforts. These included building textile factories, implementing Western-style legal systems, and establishing secular education. This led to the emergence of the Young Ottomans, who sought political change and the establishment of a constitutional government. Although the Sultan initially accepted a constitution and parliament, he later rejected any limitation of his power. Despite these efforts, the Ottoman Empire eventually faced fragmentation in the early 20th century.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Industrial Revolution
💡Free market capitalism
💡Working class
💡Political reform
💡Social reform
💡Educational reform
💡Urban reform
💡Labor union
💡Karl Marx
💡Self-strengthening movement
💡Tanzimat reforms
Highlights
Not everyone was happy with the Industrial Revolution and the spread of market capitalism.
Factory work was tedious and workers were paid barely enough to stay poor, leading to calls for reform.
Political reform was sought as more people gained the right to vote, affecting the interests of the upper classes.
Mass-based political parties emerged to represent the interests of the working class.
Social reform included the organization of social societies for insurance and social events.
Educational reform was prompted by the need for a more educated workforce due to specialized jobs in the Second Industrial Revolution.
Urban reforms were necessary due to the poor sanitation and overcrowded conditions in industrial cities.
Labor unions formed to protect the interests of workers, gaining power through collective bargaining.
By the end of the 19th century, British labor unions had nearly 2 million workers, with German and American unions close behind.
Some labor unions evolved into political parties advocating for the working class at the government level.
Karl Marx observed the suffering of the working class and developed the theory of Scientific Socialism.
Marx believed capitalism was unstable and would lead to a violent revolution, resulting in a classless society.
China's response to Western industrialization was the Self-Strengthening Movement, a series of reforms to modernize while preserving culture.
The Self-Strengthening Movement was deemed a failure after China's defeat in the Sino-Japanese War.
The Ottoman Empire, known as the 'sick man of Europe,' pursued more aggressive industrialization and reforms than China.
The Young Ottomans emerged advocating for a European-style Parliament and constitutional government.
Despite reforms, the Ottoman Empire could not prevent its eventual disintegration in the early 20th century.
Transcripts
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