Great Schism or East-West Schism part 2 | World History | Khan Academy
TLDRThe video script discusses the historical evolution of the Holy Roman Empire and its eventual fragmentation following Charlemagne's death. It highlights the rise of Otto as the Holy Roman Emperor in the 10th century and the establishment of a line of emperors that lasted until Napoleon's conquest in 1806. The script also delves into the growing divide between the Eastern and Western churches, leading to the Great Schism in 1054. This division was marked by disputes over religious practices, such as the use of leavened versus unleavened bread in the Eucharist, and culminated in mutual excommunication between the Pope and the Patriarch of Constantinople. The script further explores the impact of the Crusades on the relationship between the Latin and Greek churches, which later became known as the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches, respectively.
Takeaways
- 🏰 The Holy Roman Empire's continuity post Charlemagne was short-lived, with his successors unable to maintain the title.
- 👑 Otto, a German king, was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in the 10th century due to his power and ability to provide protection, establishing a line that lasted until 1806.
- 🌐 The Holy Roman Empire was famously criticized by Voltaire for not being 'holy,' 'Roman,' nor an 'empire,' indicating its fragmented nature.
- 🔄 The empire under Otto was unified, but as time went on, the divide between East and West grew more pronounced, reflecting ongoing power struggles.
- 🕊 The primacy over Christendom was a major point of contention, with disputes over who held the true authority within the Roman Empire.
- 🌉 The language and cultural differences, such as the use of Latin in the West and Greek in the East, contributed to the growing rift.
- 🍞 The use of unleavened bread in the West and leavened bread in the East during religious services was a point of theological and cultural disagreement.
- 🚨 The Latin churches in Constantinople were shut down by Patriarch Cerularius in 1053, escalating tensions and leading to reciprocal actions by Pope Leo IX.
- 🤝 Pope Leo IX's delegation to Constantinople aimed to coordinate against Normans and assert papal authority, but was met with rejection, leading to mutual excommunication.
- 💥 The mutual excommunications in 1054, known as the Great Schism, marked a significant and lasting division in Christianity between the Latin and Greek churches.
- ⚔️ The Crusades, particularly the fourth one, further deepened the split between the Latin and Greek churches, especially after the Crusaders sacked Constantinople in 1204.
Q & A
What was the significance of Otto being crowned as the Holy Roman Emperor?
-Otto's crowning as the Holy Roman Emperor was significant because it established a new line of emperors that lasted until 1806, and it also asserted that the Holy Roman Emperor, not the Byzantine Emperor, was the true heir to the Roman Empires.
How did the use of different types of bread during the Eucharist contribute to the division between the East and West?
-The use of unleavened bread in the West and leavened bread in the East during the Eucharist represented a theological and cultural divide. This difference in practice became a symbol of the broader rift between the Latin and Greek churches.
What was the role of Patriarch Cerularius in the events leading up to the Great Schism?
-Patriarch Cerularius played a pivotal role by shutting down Latin churches in Constantinople, asserting that their practices were not acceptable in Christianity. His actions, including his refusal to meet with the papal delegation and his subsequent excommunication, contributed to the escalating tensions that led to the Great Schism.
Why did Pope Leo IX send a delegation to Constantinople in 1054?
-Pope Leo IX sent a delegation to Constantinople to coordinate against Norman conquerors on the Italian Peninsula and to assert his authority, particularly in response to criticisms about the use of unleavened bread in the West.
What was the outcome of the papal delegation's visit to Constantinople?
-The papal delegation was not received by Patriarch Cerularius, which led to their decision to excommunicate him. In retaliation, Patriarch Cerularius excommunicated the delegation, leading to mutual excommunications that further deepened the East-West divide.
How did the Crusades impact the relationship between the Latin and Greek churches?
-The Crusades, particularly the sacking of Constantinople by the Crusaders during the Fourth Crusade, exacerbated the divide between the Latin and Greek churches. The Western knights' disrespect and the establishment of Crusader kingdoms on reconquered lands further cemented the differences between the two churches.
What is the Great Schism, and what historical event is it associated with?
-The Great Schism, also known as the East-West Schism, refers to the formal division between the Roman Catholic Church, centered in Rome, and the Eastern Orthodox Church, centered in Constantinople. It is associated with the mutual excommunications that occurred in 1054.
How did the Holy Roman Empire's fragmentation affect its political structure?
-The fragmentation of the Holy Roman Empire led to a structure where it was composed of many kingdoms with varying levels of autonomy. Despite this, under Otto, the empire experienced a period of relative unity.
What was the impact of the language and cultural differences on the division between the Eastern and Western churches?
-Language and cultural differences played a significant role in the division between the Eastern and Western churches. These differences contributed to a sense of separate identities and reinforced the theological and political rifts that led to the Great Schism.
Who were the two main leaders involved in the mutual excommunications that marked the beginning of the Great Schism?
-The two main leaders involved in the mutual excommunications were Pope Leo IX, representing the Western Church, and Patriarch Cerularius of Constantinople, representing the Eastern Church.
How did the concept of 'fo-lo-quay' contribute to the divide between the East and West?
-The concept of 'fo-lo-quay', which refers to the filioque clause in the Nicene Creed, was a point of contention between the East and West. The Western Church's addition of this clause, which states that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son, was rejected by the Eastern Church, contributing to the theological divide.
What was the long-term consequence of the Great Schism for Christianity?
-The long-term consequence of the Great Schism was the formal separation of Christianity into two major branches: the Roman Catholic Church, primarily in the West, and the Eastern Orthodox Church. This division persists today, with each church having distinct theological, liturgical, and administrative traditions.
Outlines
🏰 The Rise and Fall of the Holy Roman Empire
This paragraph discusses the Holy Roman Empire's origins and its eventual fragmentation after Charlemagne's death. It highlights Otto's rise to power and his coronation as the Holy Roman Emperor, which marked a significant shift in the perception of the Roman Empire's heir. The narrative also touches on the empire's internal divisions and the famous quote by Voltaire, emphasizing its lack of unity. The paragraph further explores the religious and cultural differences between East and West, leading to the Latin churches in Constantinople being shut down by Patriarch Cerularius and Pope Leo IX's retaliation, which escalated into a series of excommunications and the Great Schism.
🕍 The Great Schism and the Crusades
This paragraph delves into the Great Schism, also known as the East-West Schism, which marked a definitive split between the Latin and Greek churches. It outlines the historical context and the deepening divisions that led to this schism, including the Crusades, where Western kings initially aimed to assist the Byzantines but ended up establishing their own kingdoms. The narrative describes the disrespectful behavior of the Crusaders in Byzantine lands and the pivotal moment in 1204 when Constantinople was sacked by the Crusaders. The paragraph concludes with the Byzantine nobility's recapture of Constantinople and the lasting impact of these events on the division between the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Holy Roman Emperor
💡Charlemagne
💡West Francia
💡Otto the German King
💡Byzantine Emperor
💡Great Schism
💡Patriarch Cerularius
💡Pope Leo IX
💡Unleavened Bread
💡Leavened Bread
💡Crusades
💡Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church
Highlights
The Holy Roman Empire does not last much beyond Charlemagne.
After Charlemagne's death, his empire is broken up and his successors cannot carry on the title.
In the 10th century, Otto, a German king, is crowned Holy Roman Emperor due to his power and ability to offer protection.
Otto's coronation signifies that the Byzantine Emperor is not the true heir to the Roman Empires.
The Holy Roman Empire lasts until 1806 when it is conquered by Napoleon Bonaparte.
Voltaire famously said the Holy Roman Empire is neither holy nor Roman, nor an Empire.
The empire is fragmented, consisting of many kingdoms with different levels of autonomy.
Under Otto, the Holy Roman Empire was quite unified.
The 11th century sees an increasing divide between the Eastern and Western churches.
There is a power struggle between the West and East over which bishops have primacy in Christendom.
The use of unleavened vs leavened bread in the Eucharist becomes a point of contention between the two churches.
In 1053, the Latin churches in Constantinople are shut down by Patriarch Cerularius.
Pope Leo IX retaliates by shutting down Greek churches in the Italian Peninsula.
Pope Leo IX sends a delegation to Constantinople in 1054 to assert his authority and coordinate against the Normans.
The delegation excommunicates Patriarch Cerularius when he refuses to meet with them.
In retaliation, Cerularius excommunicates the delegation, leading to mutual excommunication between the two churches.
The mutual excommunications mark the beginning of the Great Schism between the Eastern and Western churches.
The Crusades in the late 11th century further cement the division between the Latin and Greek churches.
The Crusaders sack Constantinople in 1204, leading to the final split between the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches.
Transcripts
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