AROUND THE AP WORLD DAY 63: BELIEF SYSTEMS OF THE LAND BASED EMPIRES

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7 Mar 202103:24
EducationalLearning
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TLDRUnit 3 delves into the complexities of expanding empires, their administration, and the pivotal role of belief systems, drawing connections across historical periods. It offers a concise overview of major empires and their religious affiliations: Eastern Orthodox in Russia, Neo-Confucianism in China, Sunni Islam in the Ottoman Empire, Shia Islam in the Safavids, and a diverse set of beliefs in Tokugawa Japan, including Shintoism and Buddhism. The period also sees the emergence of Protestantism in Europe and Sikhism in India, highlighting the latter's foundational principles of monotheism, rejection of blind rituals, and emphasis on selfless service. The script underscores the enduring influence of these belief systems on their respective regions, promising more insights in the upcoming MVP reveal.

Takeaways
  • 🌐 The script discusses the expansion, administration, and belief systems of various historical empires.
  • 🏰 Unit 3 is divided into three sections: empires expanding, empire's administration, and belief systems.
  • 📈 The empires covered include Russia, China, Ottoman Empire, Safavids, Mughal Empire, and Tokugawa Japan.
  • 🕰️ Russia's religious evolution is highlighted from Eastern Orthodox to Russian Orthodox, aligning with the Greek side of the Byzantine schism.
  • 🇨🇳 China, both Ming and Qing dynasties, followed Neo-Confucianism, governing a diverse set of beliefs.
  • 🕌 The Ottoman Empire was Sunni, continuing the old caliphate idea where the Sultan was also the Caliph.
  • 🏛️ The Safavids were Shia, a characteristic that remains prominent in modern-day Iran.
  • 🤼‍♂️ The Mughal Empire was Sunni, ruling over a largely Hindu population.
  • 🌿 In Tokugawa Japan, a mix of indigenous Shintoism and Buddhism from China was prevalent.
  • 📜 Two new religions emerged during this period: Protestantism in Europe and Sikhism in India.
  • 🛐 Sikhism, founded by Guru Nanak around 1500, promotes the belief in one God, rejects blind rituals, and encourages selfless service and defense of the defenseless.
Q & A

  • What is the main theme of Unit 3 in the context of empires?

    -The main theme of Unit 3 is the exploration of how empires expanded, their administration, and the belief systems that were prevalent during their existence.

  • How did the division of Unit 3 into three sections contribute to the understanding of empires?

    -The division of Unit 3 into sections allows for a comprehensive study of empires by focusing on their expansion, administration, and belief systems separately, which helps in gaining a deeper understanding of their dynamics and complexities.

  • What was the significance of the schism in 1000 AD for the development of Russian and Western European belief systems?

    -The schism in 1000 AD led to the separation of the Christian Church into Greek Orthodox and Roman Catholic branches. Russia followed the Greek Orthodox tradition, while Western Europe adhered to Roman Catholicism, shaping the religious and cultural identities of these regions.

  • How did the Ming and Qing dynasties in China approach belief systems?

    -During the Ming and Qing dynasties, China was predominantly influenced by Neo-Confucianism, which integrated Confucian, Daoist, and Buddhist philosophies to govern the diverse set of beliefs among the Chinese population.

  • What role did the Ottoman Empire play in the spread of Sunni Islam?

    -The Ottoman Empire was a significant force in the spread of Sunni Islam. The sultans assumed the role of caliphs, leading the Islamic world and promoting Sunni practices, which contributed to the establishment of Sunni Islam as a dominant belief system in the region.

  • How did the Safavid Empire contribute to the establishment of Shia Islam in modern-day Iran?

    -The Safavid Empire played a crucial role in establishing Shia Islam in modern-day Iran by promoting it as the state religion and fostering its growth and development, which has resulted in a predominantly Shia population in the region to this day.

  • What were the religious practices in Tokugawa Japan?

    -In Tokugawa Japan, people followed a mix of beliefs including Shintoism, an indigenous polytheistic nature religion, and Buddhism, which was introduced from China. This diversity reflects the influence of networks of exchange and cultural interactions.

  • What are the key beliefs of Sikhism, and how did it emerge in response to the Mughal Empire's dominance?

    -Sikhism is a monotheistic religion founded by Guru Nanak around 1500. Its key beliefs include the worship of the same god by all religions, rejection of blind rituals, and emphasis on selfless service and doing good in the world. Sikhism emerged in the region where the Islamic Mughal Empire dominated over Hindus, as a response to the religious tensions and the need for a distinct faith.

  • How did the Protestant Reformation in Europe come about?

    -The Protestant Reformation occurred in response to perceived corruption within the Catholic Church, differing interpretations of the Bible, and questions about the authority of the Pope. This led to the formation of various Protestant denominations, which now represent a significant part of Christianity in the United States and other parts of the world.

  • What is the significance of the MVP mentioned at the end of the script?

    -The MVP (Most Valuable Player) mentioned at the end of the script is likely a reference to a significant figure or concept within the context of Unit 3. However, the specific identity is not revealed in the provided transcript and will be disclosed in a subsequent session.

Outlines
00:00
🌐 Expansion and Administration of Empires

This paragraph discusses the three main sections of Unit 3, focusing on the expansion, administration, and belief systems of various historical empires. It begins by explaining how empires expanded (3.1), followed by how they were administered (3.2), and finally, the belief systems that played a crucial role in their societies (3.3). The paragraph emphasizes the importance of belief systems as highlighted by the College Board and provides a brief overview of the religious affiliations of different empires such as Russia (Eastern Orthodox to Russian Orthodox), China (Neo-Confucianism), the Ottoman Empire (Sunni Islam), the Safavids (Shia Islam), and the Mughal Empire (Sunni rulers over a Hindu population). It also introduces two new religions of the period, Protestantism in Europe and Sikhism in India, providing key details about their origins and core beliefs.

Mindmap
Keywords
💡Empires
Empires refer to large, powerful states or political entities that have expanded their territories and influence through conquest or diplomacy. In the context of the video, empires such as the Russian, Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal, and Tokugawa are discussed, highlighting their expansion, administration, and belief systems.
💡Orthodox Christianity
Orthodox Christianity is a branch of Christianity that traces its origins to the eastern part of the Christian Church and is characterized by its adherence to traditional doctrines and practices. In the video, it is mentioned that Russia followed the Greek side of the Byzantine schism, becoming Eastern Orthodox and later Russian Orthodox.
💡Neo-Confucianism
Neo-Confucianism is a philosophical system that emerged in China during the Song dynasty, which sought to reinterpret and synthesize the teachings of Confucius with other strands of Chinese thought. It became the dominant ideology in imperial China and influenced the ruling class's approach to governance and social order, as referenced in the video with respect to the Ming and Qing dynasties.
💡Sunni Islam
Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam, comprising about 85-90% of all Muslims worldwide. It is based on the practices and teachings of the Prophet Muhammad and his companions. The Ottoman Empire, as mentioned in the video, is identified as Sunni, which played a significant role in their governance and the caliphate system.
💡Shia Islam
Shia Islam is the second-largest denomination of Islam, with followers primarily in Iran, Iraq, and Bahrain. Shia Muslims believe in the leadership of the Prophet's family, known as Imams, which differs from Sunni beliefs. The Safavid Empire, as highlighted in the video, was Shia and has influenced modern-day Iran's predominantly Shia population.
💡Sikhism
Sikhism is a monotheistic religion founded in the 15th century by Guru Nanak in the Punjab region of South Asia. It emphasizes the equality of all humans and the importance of selfless service, or 'seva'. The video notes the emergence of Sikhism in response to the Mughal Empire's dominance over Hindus, and its teachings that all religions worship the same God.
💡Protestant Reformation
The Protestant Reformation was a major movement within Christianity in the 16th century that led to the creation of Protestant churches. It was sparked by disagreements with the Catholic Church's practices and interpretations of the Bible. In the video, it is mentioned as a new religious movement in Europe that arose due to issues like corruption and differing biblical interpretations.
💡Belief Systems
Belief systems refer to the underlying set of convictions, values, and principles that guide an individual or group's actions and worldview. In the video, the emphasis on belief systems is crucial as it explores how religious and philosophical beliefs shaped the governance, culture, and expansion of historical empires.
💡Administration
Administration refers to the management or organization of a state, institution, or other large entity. In the context of the video, it pertains to how empires were governed and managed, including their legal systems, bureaucracy, and methods of control.
💡Cultural Exchange
Cultural exchange is the process by which ideas, values, and practices are shared between different cultures or societies. The video touches on this concept through the example of the networks of exchange that influenced the spread of religions and philosophies, such as Buddhism to Japan and the emergence of Sikhism in response to the Islamic Mughal rule.
💡Diversity of Beliefs
Diversity of beliefs refers to the wide range of religious, philosophical, and ideological perspectives that exist within a society or group. In the video, this concept is illustrated by the varied belief systems within the Chinese population under the Ming and Qing dynasties, as well as the mix of beliefs in Tokugawa Japan.
Highlights

Unit 3 is divided into three sections: expansion of empires, administration of empires, and belief systems.

Empires expansion is discussed in section 3.1, detailing how various empires grew in size and influence.

The administration of empires is covered in section 3.2, explaining how different empires managed their territories and peoples.

Belief systems of empires are the focus of section 3.3, highlighting the religious and philosophical underpinnings of these societies.

Russia's religious evolution from Eastern Orthodox to Russian Orthodox is noted, reflecting their alignment with the Greek side of the Byzantine schism.

Western Europe's adherence to Roman Catholicism is contrasted with Russia's Orthodox practices.

China's Neo-Confucianism is mentioned, emphasizing the philosophical unity within the diverse belief systems of the Chinese people.

The Ottoman Empire's Sunni Islam is discussed, including the sultan's dual role as caliph.

Safavid Empire's Shia Islam is highlighted, noting its lasting impact on modern-day Iran.

The Mughal Empire's Sunni rulers and their governance over a predominantly Hindu population is mentioned.

Tokugawa Japan's syncretic religious landscape, combining Shintoism and Buddhism, is described.

The emergence of Protestantism in Europe and Central Europe due to disagreements with the Catholic Church is detailed.

Sikhism's origins and core beliefs are outlined, including its founding by Guru Nanak and emphasis on selfless service.

The geographical and religious context leading to the clash between Sikhs and the Mughal Empire is explained.

The current global population of Sikhs, approximately 30 million, is noted as a testament to the religion's enduring presence.

Transcripts

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EmpireExpansionReligiousDiversityOrthodoxChristianityNeoconfucianismSunniIslamShiaIslamProtestantReformationSikhismOriginsCulturalExchangesHistoricalAnalysis