Lec-12 I Types of Bonds I Applied Chemistry I Chemical Engineering

Chemical Engineering Department_LJIET

29 Jul 202113:27

EducationalLearning

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TLDRThis lecture series on applied chemistry introduces key concepts such as quantum theory, coordination chemistry, and the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. It delves into the hybridization of orbitals, chemical kinetics, and chemical bonding, highlighting the formation of molecular orbitals and the principles of LCAO. The lecture distinguishes between types of chemical bonds including ionic, covalent, coordinate covalent, metallic, and hydrogen bonds, providing examples and explaining their roles in forming stable molecules and compounds.

Takeaways

📘 Applied chemistry subject code is 3130506.
🌟 The chapter on quantum theory introduces Heisenberg's uncertainty principle and wave mechanics.
🔄 The hybridization of orbitals and chemical kinetics theories are also covered in the chapter.
🤖 The Ammo theory explains how atomic orbitals combine to form molecular orbitals, influencing their shape and energy levels.
🌐 LCAO (Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals) theory suggests that molecular orbitals are formed by combining atomic orbitals.
💡 The simplest example of molecular orbital formation is the H2 molecule, with its bonding (ψMO) and non-bonding (ψ*MO) orbitals.
📊 The Aufbau principle dictates the order in which molecular orbitals are filled with electrons.
🔗 Chemical bonds are electrostatic attractions between atoms, crucial for forming stable molecules and compounds.
⚛️ There are five main types of chemical bonds: ionic, covalent, coordinate covalent, metallic, and hydrogen bonds.
🔍 The script distinguishes between intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonds, with examples provided for each type.

Q & A

What is the subject code for Applied Chemistry in the lecture series?
-The subject code for Applied Chemistry is 3130506.
What was the main topic discussed in the previous session of Applied Chemistry?
-The main topics discussed in the previous session were Introduction to Quantum Theory for Chemical Systems and Coordination Chemistry, including Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle and the wave mechanical concept.
What is the significance of Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle in the context of chemistry?
-Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle is significant in chemistry as it introduces the concept that we cannot simultaneously know the exact position and momentum of a particle, which has implications for understanding atomic and molecular behavior.
What are the two parts of the chapter on coordination chemistry discussed in the lecture?
-The two parts of the chapter on coordination chemistry discussed are the hybridization of orbitals and the theories involved in chemical kinetics and chemical bondings.
How does the MO Theory describe the formation of molecular orbitals?
-The MO Theory describes the formation of molecular orbitals as a result of atomic orbitals combining when atoms combine to form molecules, taking the shape of their atomic orbitals but having different energy levels and characteristics.
What is the Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals (LCAO) theory?
-The Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals (LCAO) theory posits that molecular orbitals are formed by the linear combination of atomic orbitals, which can combine when they are collinear with each other.
How does the H2 molecule illustrate the concept of bonding and non-bonding (anti-bonding) orbitals?
-In the H2 molecule, the bonding orbital (sigma 1s) is formed by the addition of atomic orbitals (psi_a and psi_b), which lowers the energy and increases stability. The non-bonding (anti-bonding) orbital (sigma star 1s) is formed by the subtraction of atomic orbitals, which cannot form bonds and has higher energy.
What are the five types of chemical bonds mentioned in the lecture?
-The five types of chemical bonds mentioned are ionic or electrovalent bonds, covalent bonds, coordinate covalent bonds, metallic bonds, and hydrogen bonds.
How does an ionic bond differ from a covalent bond?
-An ionic bond is an electrostatic attraction between a cation and an anion (positive and negative charges), resulting in ionic compounds. A covalent bond involves the mutual sharing of electrons between atoms, leading to the formation of covalent compounds.
What is a coordinate covalent bond and how is it formed?
-A coordinate covalent bond is a type of covalent bond where both electrons in the shared pair come from one of the two atoms involved. It involves single-sided sharing, resulting in the formation of coordinate compounds or coordinate covalent compounds.
Can you explain the difference between intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonds?
-Intermolecular hydrogen bonds form between different molecules, typically due to slightly positive and slightly negative charges. Intramolecular hydrogen bonds occur within the same molecule, involving different parts of the molecule. An example of intermolecular hydrogen bonding is between HF molecules, while intramolecular hydrogen bonding can be seen in a water (H2O) or ammonia (NH3) molecule.

Outlines

00:00

📘 Introduction to Quantum Theory and Chemical Bonding

This paragraph introduces the viewers to the video lecture series on applied chemistry, focusing on chapter four which delves into quantum theory for chemical systems, coordination chemistry, and Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. It progresses to discuss the Ammonia theory and Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals (LCAO) theory, using the H2 molecule as an example to explain the formation of molecular orbitals from atomic orbitals. The explanation includes the concept of bonding, non-bonding, and anti-bonding orbitals, and how they contribute to the stability of a chemical system.

05:00

🌟 Understanding Bond Formation in H2 Molecule

This section continues the discussion on chemical bonding by zooming in on the H2 molecule. It explains how two hydrogen atoms, each contributing one s-orbital, form a molecule with two molecular orbitals: sigma 1s (bonding) and sigma star 1s (non-bonding). The paragraph elucidates the Aufbau principle in filling these orbitals and how the presence of two electrons in the bonding orbital leads to the formation of a stable H-H single bond. It also visually represents the concept using pink color boxes to depict 1s atomic orbitals and their electronic configuration.

10:03

🔗 Types of Chemical Bonds and Their Characteristics

The final paragraph of the script delves into the various types of chemical bonds that hold atoms together in a stable molecule. It defines a chemical bond as an electrostatic attraction and outlines five main types: ionic, covalent, coordinate covalent, metallic, and hydrogen bonds. Each bond type is briefly explained with examples, highlighting how they contribute to the formation of stable compounds. The ionic bond is described as the electrostatic attraction between a cation and an anion, while covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons. Coordinate covalent bonds are a special type of covalent bond where both electrons come from one atom. Metallic bonds occur between a metal and a non-metal, and hydrogen bonds are electrostatic attractions between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom. The explanation is enriched with examples and a clear distinction between intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonding.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Applied Chemistry

Applied Chemistry refers to the practical application of chemistry principles to solve real-world problems. In the context of the video, it is the subject being taught, with a focus on understanding chemical systems and reactions. The theme of the video revolves around the application of quantum theory and chemical bonding within this field.

💡Quantum Theory

Quantum Theory is a fundamental theory in physics that describes the behavior of matter and energy at the atomic and subatomic scales. In the video, it is introduced as a crucial concept for understanding chemical systems, emphasizing the importance of Heisenberg's uncertainty principle and wave mechanics in explaining chemical phenomena.

💡Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle

Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle is a key concept in quantum mechanics that states it is impossible to simultaneously know the exact position and momentum of a particle. This principle has profound implications for understanding the behavior of electrons in atoms and molecules, as it challenges classical notions of predictability and certainty.

💡Wave Mechanics

Wave Mechanics is a branch of quantum mechanics that describes the behavior of particles, such as electrons, as wave-like entities. This concept is essential for understanding the structure and properties of molecules and is the basis for the molecular orbital theory discussed in the video.

💡Hybridization of Orbitals

Hybridization of Orbitals is a concept in chemistry that explains the process by which atomic orbitals combine to form new equivalent orbitals, which are crucial for understanding the bonding in molecules. This concept is central to the study of chemical bonding and molecular structure.

💡Chemical Kinetics

Chemical Kinetics is the study of the rates and mechanisms of chemical reactions. It is a key area in chemistry that helps to understand how reactions occur and the factors that influence their speed. In the video, it is one of the theories discussed in the context of chemical systems.

💡Molecular Orbital Theory

Molecular Orbital Theory is a method for understanding the electronic structure of molecules. It suggests that when atoms combine to form molecules, their atomic orbitals also combine to form molecular orbitals, which have specific shapes and energy levels. This theory is fundamental for predicting the properties and reactivity of molecules.

💡Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals (LCAO)

Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals (LCAO) is a method used in quantum chemistry to approximate the molecular orbitals of a molecule as a linear combination of the atomic orbitals of the individual atoms. This approach helps to predict the electronic structure and bonding characteristics of molecules.

💡Bonding and Anti-Bonding Orbitals

Bonding and Anti-Bonding Orbitals refer to the molecular orbitals that result from the interaction of atomic orbitals. Bonding orbitals lead to lower energy and increased stability when electrons occupy them, promoting bond formation. Anti-bonding orbitals have higher energy and if electrons occupy these orbitals, it can lead to bond weakening or breakage.

💡Chemical Bonds

Chemical Bonds are the forces that hold atoms together in a stable molecule. They result from the electrostatic attraction between atoms and can be classified into different types based on the nature of the interaction, such as ionic, covalent, metallic, and hydrogen bonds. Understanding these bonds is crucial for studying molecular structure and reactivity.

💡Ionic Bond

An Ionic Bond is a type of chemical bond formed through the electrostatic attraction between positively and negatively charged ions. This bond typically occurs when electrons are transferred from one atom to another, resulting in the formation of a cation and an anion. Ionic compounds are characterized by their high melting and boiling points, and they often form crystalline structures.

💡Covalent Bond

A Covalent Bond is a type of chemical bond formed by the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. This sharing allows each atom to achieve a stable electron configuration, typically by fulfilling the octet rule. Covalent bonds can be single, double, or triple, depending on the number of electron pairs shared, and they result in the formation of covalent compounds with distinct physical and chemical properties.

Highlights

Introduction to Quantum Theory for chemical systems

Exploration of Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle

Wave mechanical concept introduction

Hybridization of orbitals in chemical systems

Theories involved in chemical kinetics and chemical bonding

Explanation of the Ammonia (AMO) theory

Formation of molecular orbitals from atomic orbitals

Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals (LCAO) theory

Simplest case of H2 molecule and its atomic orbitals representation

Formation of bonding and anti-bonding molecular orbitals

Electronic configuration and molecular orbital filling for H2 molecule

Types of chemical bonds: Ionic, Covalent, Coordinate covalent, Metallic, and Hydrogen bonds

Formation of ionic compounds through electrostatic attraction between cation and anion

Covalent bond formation through mutual sharing of electrons

Coordinate covalent bond with single-sided electron sharing

Metallic bond formation between metal and non-metal

Intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonding

Transcripts

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Takeaways

Q & A

What is the subject code for Applied Chemistry in the lecture series?

What was the main topic discussed in the previous session of Applied Chemistry?

What is the significance of Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle in the context of chemistry?

What are the two parts of the chapter on coordination chemistry discussed in the lecture?

How does the MO Theory describe the formation of molecular orbitals?

What is the Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals (LCAO) theory?

How does the H2 molecule illustrate the concept of bonding and non-bonding (anti-bonding) orbitals?

What are the five types of chemical bonds mentioned in the lecture?

How does an ionic bond differ from a covalent bond?

What is a coordinate covalent bond and how is it formed?

Can you explain the difference between intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonds?