Anxiety Disorders in the DSM 5 TR | Symptoms and Diagnosis

This paragraph introduces the topic of diagnosing anxiety and panic disorders as per the DSM-5TR. Dr. Donnelly Snipes is the host, and he briefly reviews the diagnostic criteria for most anxiety disorders. The general expression of anxiety disorders, their differences, and how they are not developmentally, culturally, or contextually normative are discussed. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the reported symptoms of anxiety disorders is highlighted, noting a rise from 31.4% to 36.9% in adults.

This section delves into the physiological response of anxiety, which is part of the fight or flight mechanism. It explains how the body, when engaged in this response, focuses on self-preservation rather than higher order processing. Symptoms such as restlessness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance are associated with anxiety. The paragraph also discusses how these symptoms are expected due to the activation of the stress response.

The paragraph discusses Separation Anxiety Disorder, which is characterized by excessive anxiety about separation from major attachment figures. It can be diagnosed in both children and adults, with the latter not necessarily having a childhood onset. The symptoms include distress due to separation, anxiety about potential harm to attachment figures, reluctance to leave home, and nightmares about separation. The development and course of this disorder, its associated features, and its prevalence in different age groups are also covered.

This section covers Specific Phobias, which involve a marked fear or anxiety about an object or situation that is actively avoided and disproportionate to the threat. The fear persists for six months or more and causes clinically significant distress. The paragraph discusses the prevalence, development, and course of specific phobias, as well as their associated features, such as arousal and vasovagal response. The importance of differentiating phobias from other mental disorders is also emphasized.

Social Anxiety Disorder is the focus of this paragraph, characterized by a marked fear of social situations where one might be judged. The paragraph outlines the symptoms, which include excessive fear, avoidance of social situations, and a disproportionate level of anxiety. It also discusses associated features, such as passivity, shyness, withdrawal, and substance use to cope with anxiety. The prevalence of social anxiety disorder and its higher incidence in non-Hispanic whites are highlighted, along with the impact of social media on social anxiety levels.

This paragraph details Panic Disorder, emphasizing its defining characteristic of recurrent, unexpected surges of intense fear or discomfort. The criteria for diagnosing a panic attack, which include four or more symptoms such as palpitations, sweating, and fear of losing control, are discussed. The paragraph also covers the cultural specificity of panic symptoms, the persistence of concern following a panic attack, and the significant maladaptive change in behavior related to the attacks.

The paragraph explores the risk and prognostic factors for anxiety disorders, including life stress, bullying, heritability, and negative affectivity. It also discusses the increased risk in women and the association of anxiety disorders with suicidal thoughts and attempts. The functional consequences of anxiety disorders, such as limited independent activities, impaired relationships, and increased rates of autoimmune issues and obesity, are highlighted.

This section provides a comprehensive overview of the differential diagnosis of anxiety disorders. It distinguishes anxiety disorders from conditions such as psychotic disorders, eating disorders, body dysmorphic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, autism spectrum disorder, conduct and oppositional defiant disorders, prolonged grief, depression, and bipolar disorder. The paragraph also discusses焦虑症的共病性, including与心血管疾病、糖尿病、POTS、甲状腺功能障碍、心血管问题、荷尔蒙波动、营养素缺乏或过量、环境贫困和社会不利童年经历等因素的关联。