ATI TEAS 7 Exam I Complete Biology Review I

In this segment, I discussed the basics of transcription and translation in protein synthesis, along with the foundational concepts of DNA and RNA. I explained the structure of nucleotides, their role in coding for amino acids, and the differences between DNA and RNA. Additionally, I highlighted the structural differences between DNA's double helix and RNA's single strand.

Here, I detailed the process of transcription, where DNA makes mRNA. I explained the role of RNA polymerase in unzipping DNA strands and creating complementary RNA nucleotide bases. I emphasized the importance of remembering the base pairs in RNA and DNA. I also highlighted the difference between the template strand and the resulting mRNA strand.

This part focused on the mRNA's journey from the nucleus to the ribosome, marking the start of translation. I explained how mRNA codons are read by tRNA to produce amino acids, leading to protein synthesis. I emphasized the significance of codons and how each codon corresponds to a specific amino acid.

I provided an overview of the cell cycle, highlighting interphase and mitosis. I described the phases of interphase (G1, S, and G2) and their importance in cell growth and DNA replication. Additionally, I covered the phases of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase) and their role in cell division.

In this section, I explained the differences between chromosomes and chromatids. I described the structure of chromosomes, including the centromere and chromatids, and their role in the cell cycle. I also highlighted the importance of centrosomes and microtubules in moving chromosomes during cell division.

I discussed the concept of growth arrest and the checkpoints within the cell cycle. I explained how cells must pass these checkpoints to proceed to the next phase and the factors that can cause growth arrest, such as oxidative stress, infection, and DNA damage.

I provided a detailed overview of meiosis, comparing it to mitosis. I explained the stages of meiosis I and II, highlighting the key events such as synapsis, crossing over, and the formation of haploid cells. I emphasized the importance of genetic diversity resulting from meiosis.

In this part, I explained the basics of Punnett squares and Mendel's laws of inheritance. I covered how to use Punnett squares to predict the outcome of genetic crosses, the concepts of dominant and recessive alleles, and the genotype and phenotype ratios.

Here, I tackled more complex Punnett square problems involving multiple traits. I demonstrated how to set up and solve dihybrid crosses, calculate genotype and phenotype ratios, and apply Mendel's laws to these scenarios.

I discussed exceptions to Mendel's laws, such as incomplete dominance, codominance, and polygenic inheritance. I provided examples to illustrate these concepts and explained how they differ from Mendelian inheritance patterns.

I described the scientific method, outlining its steps: observation, hypothesis, experiment, and conclusion. I emphasized the importance of testable hypotheses, controlled experiments, and the distinction between independent and dependent variables.

I explained the biological hierarchy, from atoms to the biosphere. I detailed each level's components, such as molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, biomes, and the biosphere.

I provided an overview of the pH scale, explaining the measurement of hydrogen ion concentration and the distinction between acids, bases, and neutral substances. I also gave examples of common solutions and their pH values.

I covered the four major macromolecules, discussing their monomers, structures, and functions. I explained the roles of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids in the body, and the process of hydrolysis in breaking down these molecules.

I went into detail about lipids, including the types of lipids (triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids), their molecular structures, and their roles in the body. I explained the differences between saturated and unsaturated fats and the importance of cholesterol.

I described the structure and functions of proteins, including the different levels of protein structure and the role of amino acids. I highlighted the various types of proteins, such as structural proteins, enzymes, hormones, receptors, antibodies, and motor proteins.

I explained the structure and function of nucleic acids, focusing on DNA and RNA. I discussed the components of nucleotides, the differences between DNA and RNA bases, and their roles in storing and transmitting genetic information.

I outlined the cell theory, emphasizing its three main points. I explained the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, providing examples of each. I also highlighted the unique features of plant and animal cells.

I detailed the structure and function of various cell organelles, including the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria, and the cytoskeleton. I explained their roles in maintaining cell function and organization.

I described the structure and function of the phospholipid bilayer, including its components (phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins) and their roles in regulating cell membrane fluidity and transport.