Síntesis de LSD (Dietilamida del ácido liségico)
TLDRThis video script explores the unconventional application of organic chemistry to synthesize LSD, a potent psychoactive substance. It delves into the historical discovery by Albert Hofmann in 1938 and outlines the chemical process from ergot alkaloids to the final LSD molecule. The script provides a detailed walkthrough of the synthesis steps, including various organic reactions, and highlights the complexity and significance of each chemical transformation in creating this well-known psychedelic drug.
Takeaways
- 🧪 The video discusses the synthesis of LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide), a potent psychoactive substance known for inducing serious hallucinations.
- 📚 LSD was first synthesized in 1938 by Albert Hofmann, who accidentally discovered its psychoactive effects in 1943.
- 🔍 The script explains the molecular structure of LSD, highlighting its derivation from lysergic acid, which is an ergot alkaloid.
- 🌐 The process involves multiple steps, starting from the precursor molecule, using chemistry principles like Friedel-Crafts acylation and nucleophilic substitution.
- 🔬 The synthesis includes the formation of various rings and functional groups, such as the indole ring and the addition of a nitrogen-containing chain.
- 🛠️ The video mentions the use of specific reagents and conditions, like AlCl3 for Friedel-Crafts reactions and HCl for deprotection steps.
- 🧩 The script details the step-by-step chemical reactions needed to construct the LSD molecule from simpler organic compounds.
- 📉 The video emphasizes the importance of protecting certain functional groups during the synthesis to prevent unwanted reactions.
- 📚 It also discusses the history and background of LSD, including its initial synthesis and Hofmann's accidental self-experimentation.
- 💊 The script describes LSD's common form of distribution, such as 'tabs' or paper squares soaked in the substance.
- 🚫 The video should be noted for its educational content on a controlled substance, emphasizing the need for responsible handling and understanding of such chemicals.
Q & A
What is the main topic of the video?
-The video discusses the synthesis of a well-known psychoactive substance, LSD (d-Lysergic acid diethylamide), using organic chemistry principles.
Who first synthesized LSD, and when was it done?
-Albert Hofmann first synthesized LSD in 1938.
What are the effects of LSD on a person?
-LSD is a potent psychoactive drug that can cause serious visual and auditory hallucinations.
What is the typical dosage of LSD that can cause its effects?
-The dosage of LSD that can cause its effects is around 20 to 30 micrograms.
How many doses can be prepared from one gram of LSD?
-From one gram of LSD, approximately 50,000 doses can be prepared.
What is the chemical structure of LSD?
-LSD is a derivative of lysergic acid with a diethylamide group attached to it, featuring a heterocyclic ring system.
What is the starting compound for the synthesis of LSD as described in the script?
-The starting compound is an ergoline derivative, specifically a compound with an indole ring and a carboxylic acid group.
What is the significance of the number 25 in the context of LSD?
-LSD is often referred to as LSD-25 because it was the 25th derivative synthesized by Albert Hofmann from ergot alkaloids.
What is the role of the Friedel-Crafts reaction in the synthesis of LSD?
-The Friedel-Crafts reaction is used to form a carbon-carbon bond, which is part of the process to create the first condensed ring in the LSD molecule.
What is the purpose of using a protecting group during the synthesis of LSD?
-A protecting group is used to shield certain functional groups from unwanted reactions during the synthesis process, ensuring that the desired transformations occur at specific sites on the molecule.
What is the final step in the synthesis of LSD as described in the script?
-The final step involves the formation of the diethylamide group by reacting the appropriately modified lysergic acid with a suitable amine.
Outlines
🧪 LSD Synthesis Introduction
This paragraph introduces the video's focus on synthesizing Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), a potent psychoactive substance. It mentions Albert Hofmann's discovery in 1938 and his accidental exposure in 1943, which led to the recognition of LSD's psychoactive effects. The video will discuss the chemical structure of LSD, its relation to ergot alkaloids, and Hofmann's original synthesis process.
🔬 Starting Materials and LSD Structure
The speaker outlines the initial steps of the LSD synthesis process, starting with the selection of a precursor molecule and the addition of a protective group to the molecule. The paragraph delves into the molecular structure of LSD, its derivation from lysergic acid, and the process of obtaining lysergic acid from ergotamine. It also discusses the significance of the indole ring in the LSD molecule and the importance of protective groups in the synthesis process.
🛠️ Synthesis Process and Reactions
This paragraph details the synthesis process of LSD, including the formation of the first ring through a condensation reaction, the use of reagents like thionyl chloride to transform carboxylic acids into more reactive acyl chlorides, and the Friedel-Crafts reaction to attach a benzene ring. The paragraph also covers the formation of the second ring and the addition of a nitrogen-containing chain that will eventually become part of the lysergic acid structure.
🧬 Formation of the Tetracyclic Structure
The synthesis continues with the creation of the tetracyclic structure of LSD. The paragraph describes the introduction of a halogen to the alpha carbon of acetone and the subsequent cyclization to form the pyrrolidine ring. It also explains the use of a protected nitrogen-containing compound to add the necessary chain to the molecule, which will later be converted into lysergic acid through a series of reactions.
🌐 Completion of the LSD Structure
The paragraph discusses the final steps in the synthesis of LSD, including the removal of protective groups, the formation of an alpha-beta unsaturated compound through an intramolecular aldol condensation, and the reduction of the ketone to an alcohol. It also covers the conversion of the alcohol to an aldehyde and the addition of a carboxylic acid group to complete the structure of lysergic acid.
🔚 Final Steps and Synthesis Conclusion
The final paragraph summarizes the last steps in the synthesis of LSD, which include the oxidation to form a double bond, the conversion of the aldehyde to an acid, and the formation of the final product, LSD, by adding diethylamine. The video concludes by emphasizing that all the reactions used in the synthesis are basic organic chemistry reactions and provides a brief overview of the sources where these reactions can be found.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡LSD
💡Psychotropics
💡Albert Hofmann
💡Indole
💡Ergot alkaloids
💡Friedel-Crafts reaction
💡Protecting group
💡Halogenation
💡Cyclization
💡Reduction
💡Aromatization
Highlights
The video discusses the synthesis of LSD, a potent psychoactive substance known for causing serious visual and auditory hallucinations.
Albert Hofmann first synthesized LSD in 1938, but its psychoactive effects were not realized until 1943 when he accidentally ingested 250 micrograms.
LSD is sold in the form of small paper squares impregnated with the substance, commonly known as 'tabs'.
The molecular structure of LSD is derived from lysergic acid, which is a derivative of ergot alkaloids.
Hofmann obtained 24 derivatives before LSD, hence the name LSD-25, indicating it was the 25th compound synthesized.
The synthesis process begins with an indole group, which is a key component in the structure of LSD.
A protective benzoyl group is introduced to the indole to prevent unwanted reactions during the synthesis process.
The Friedel-Crafts reaction is utilized to form the first carbon-carbon bond necessary for the LSD molecule.
An acetone derivative with a protected nitrogen group is added to create the tetracyclic structure of LSD.
The synthesis involves the formation of an alpha position on the carbon atom using bromine and protons.
A nucleophilic substitution (SN2) reaction is used to attach the nitrogen-containing chain to the molecule.
The molecule is then deprotected to allow for the formation of the final rings and functional groups.
An intramolecular alcohol condensation is performed to create an alpha-beta unsaturated compound.
Reduction of the carbonyl group to an alcohol is achieved using ammonium formate and sodium borohydride.
The nitrogen group is reprotected with acetic anhydride to prevent unwanted side reactions.
Conversion of the alcohol to an aldehyde is followed by the addition of cyanide to form a carboxylic acid group.
The final steps involve an oxidation process to form the double bond characteristic of the LSD molecule.
The synthesis concludes with the formation of the diethylamide group from the lysergic acid.
The video emphasizes that the reactions used in the synthesis are fundamental to organic chemistry and can be found in educational resources.
Transcripts
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