GOVERNMENT Sponsored INDUSTRIALIZATION [AP World History Review—Unit 5 Topic 6]

Heimler's History
9 Jan 202404:27
EducationalLearning
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TLDRThe video script discusses the top-down industrialization efforts in Egypt and Japan during the 19th century. Under Muhammad Ali's leadership, Egypt pursued industrialization to reduce dependence on the Ottoman Empire, establishing textile and weapons factories and increasing tariffs to protect local industries. However, British intervention in the 1839 conflict with the Ottomans led to the removal of these trade barriers, allowing British goods to flood the Egyptian market and stifle the growth of local industries. In contrast, Japan, initially isolated from Western influence, underwent a dramatic shift following the arrival of Commodore Perry and the threat of Western dominance. This prompted the Meiji Restoration, a state-sponsored industrialization program that saw Japan adopt Western practices to become a major industrial power in Asia, capable of engaging with European and American powers on equal terms.

Takeaways
  • 🏭 **Top-Down Industrialization**: Some states industrialized from the top down, as opposed to the bottom-up approach seen in Western Europe and the United States.
  • 👑 **Muhammad Ali's Egypt**: Under Muhammad Ali's leadership, Egypt took steps towards industrialization to reduce dependence on the Ottoman Empire.
  • 📉 **Ottoman Decline**: The Ottoman Empire was struggling with internal corruption and conflicts, leading to limited investment in industrialization.
  • 🚫 **British Intervention**: Britain forced Egypt to remove trade barriers, leading to the influx of British goods that outcompeted Egypt's nascent industries.
  • 🌏 **Global Trade Networks**: Egypt's strategic location made it a critical point of access to Asian trade networks, which influenced British actions.
  • 🔄 **Isolation to Industrialization**: Japan, initially isolated from Western influence, rapidly shifted to state-sponsored industrialization as a defensive measure against Western powers.
  • 🚢 **Matthew Perry's Ultimatum**: The arrival of Commodore Perry with advanced ships and an ultimatum marked a turning point for Japan's isolationist policy.
  • 🇯🇵 **Meiji Restoration**: The Meiji Restoration led to the overthrow of the shogunate and the establishment of an emperor, initiating Japan's aggressive industrialization program.
  • 📚 **Learning from the West**: Japan sent emissaries to learn from Western powers and implemented much of what they learned in their own state.
  • 🛠️ **Industrial Development**: Japan focused on building railroads, establishing a national banking system, and developing industrial factories for textiles and munitions.
  • 🌐 **Rise of a Power**: Japan's industrialization efforts allowed it to deal with Europeans and Americans on equal terms, a unique position in Asia at the time.
Q & A

  • What was the general impact of industrialization on Western Europe and the United States?

    -Industrialization fundamentally shifted the economies and global balance of power in favor of Western European and United States, making them dominant and economically powerful.

  • Why did some states promote state-sponsored industrialization?

    -States promoted state-sponsored industrialization to avoid being dominated by industrialized nations, which could potentially crush their economies and political autonomy.

  • What was the status of Egypt in the early 19th century?

    -Egypt was technically part of the Ottoman Empire but operated largely independently due to its powerful military government under the leadership of Muhammad Ali.

  • How did the Ottoman Empire's situation affect its ability to industrialize?

    -The Ottoman Empire was struggling and declining due to internal corruption and conflicts, which left it with little energy or wealth to invest in industrialization.

  • What steps did Egypt take towards industrialization during Muhammad Ali's leadership?

    -Egypt established textile and weapons factories, directed peasants to grow crops like wheat and cotton for government purchase and sale on the world market, and raised tariffs to protect local industries.

  • Why was Egypt's industrialization project less successful than that of Western Europe and the United States?

    -Egypt's industrialization was less successful due to British intervention, which forced Egypt to remove tariffs and trade barriers, leading to a flood of British goods that outcompeted Egypt's infant industries.

  • What was the initial attitude of Japan towards Western influence and industrialization?

    -Initially, Japan under the Tokugawa Shogunate largely isolated itself from Western influence and trade, with only a single port open to Dutch traders.

  • What factors led to a change in Japan's attitude towards industrialization?

    -Japan's attitude changed due to witnessing Western powers dominating other Asian states and the arrival of Commodore Matthew Perry, who demanded Japan open trade relations with the United States.

  • What was the Meiji Restoration and how did it contribute to Japan's industrialization?

    -The Meiji Restoration was a period during which Japan sought to escape foreign domination by adopting Western industrial practices. It involved sending emissaries to learn from major industrial powers and implementing technology, culture, education systems, and political arrangements.

  • How did Japan's industrialization efforts impact its international relations?

    -Japan's industrialization led it to become a major industrial power in Asia, allowing it to deal with Europeans and Americans on equal terms, unlike other regions in Asia.

  • What were some of the key elements of Japan's state-sponsored industrialization program?

    -Key elements included the establishment of a constitution with an elected Parliament, state funding for railroads and a national banking system, and the development of industrial factories for textiles and munitions.

Outlines
00:00
🏭 The Role of State-Sponsored Industrialization

This paragraph discusses the various ways in which states industrialized during the industrial revolution, focusing on the top-down approach exemplified by Egypt and Japan. It highlights Egypt's attempt at industrialization under the leadership of Muhammad Ali, who sought to reduce dependence on the Ottoman Empire. The paragraph also touches on the challenges faced by Egypt due to British intervention, which ultimately hindered the growth of its industries. The narrative then shifts to Japan, which, after witnessing the impact of Western powers on China and the arrival of Commodore Perry, embarked on a state-sponsored industrialization program. This defensive measure was facilitated by the Meiji Restoration, which led to the adoption of Western industrial practices and the establishment of a constitution, resulting in Japan becoming a significant industrial power in Asia.

Mindmap
Keywords
💡Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution refers to the period of rapid industrialization that began in the late 18th century and continued into the 19th century. It marked a major turning point in history as agrarian societies in Europe and America became industrial and urban. In the video, it is mentioned as a backdrop to the state-sponsored industrialization efforts of Egypt and Japan, which were influenced by the global power dynamics that emerged from the industrialized nations of Western Europe and the United States.
💡State-Sponsored Industrialization
State-sponsored industrialization is when a government actively promotes and invests in the development of its nation's industry. This can include building factories, infrastructure, and providing protectionist policies to nurture domestic industries. In the video, Egypt under the leadership of Muhammad Ali and Japan during the Meiji Restoration are highlighted as examples of state-sponsored industrialization, with the aim of reducing dependence on foreign powers and increasing national wealth and power.
💡Muhammad Ali
Muhammad Ali was an Ottoman Albanian commander who became the de facto ruler of Egypt and Sudan in the early 19th century. He is known for his efforts to modernize and industrialize Egypt, which included establishing textile and weapons factories, and promoting agriculture for export. The video discusses how his leadership led to steps towards industrialization, which aimed to reduce Egypt's dependence on the Ottoman Empire.
💡Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire was a state that existed from the 14th to the early 20th century, spanning three continents and being one of the most powerful empires in the world. The video mentions that Egypt was technically part of the Ottoman Empire but operated largely independently. The empire's decline and internal struggles during the 19th century created an opportunity for Egypt to pursue its own path of industrialization.
💡Tariffs
Tariffs are taxes imposed on goods that are transferred across international boundaries. They are often used as a tool for protectionist economic policies to protect domestic industries from foreign competition. In the video, Ali's imposition of high tariffs is discussed as a measure to protect the nascent Egyptian industries, but this was later undermined by British intervention.
💡Great Britain
Great Britain, or the United Kingdom, was one of the leading industrialized nations during the Industrial Revolution and held significant global influence. The video describes how Great Britain intervened in Egypt's industrialization efforts, forcing the removal of tariffs and other trade barriers, which led to the influx of British goods and the stunting of Egypt's industrial growth.
💡Meiji Restoration
The Meiji Restoration refers to a period in Japanese history that marked the end of the Tokugawa shogunate and the restoration of imperial rule under Emperor Meiji in 1868. It was a time of rapid modernization and industrialization, as Japan sought to avoid the fate of other Asian nations that were colonized by Western powers. The video details how this period led to Japan's successful state-sponsored industrialization, which included adopting Western practices and technologies.
💡Commodore Matthew Perry
Commodore Matthew Perry was a United States Navy officer who played a significant role in opening Japan to the West. In the video, Perry's arrival in Japan with a fleet of steam-powered ships and his demand for Japan to open trade relations with the United States is mentioned. His actions, along with the display of Western military might in China, were catalysts for Japan's decision to industrialize as a defensive measure.
💡Isolationism
Isolationism is a policy of remaining apart from the affairs of other countries and not allowing foreign influence. The video describes how Japan practiced a form of isolationism during the Tokugawa Shogunate by limiting trade to a single port open to Dutch traders. This policy was later abandoned in favor of industrialization and modernization to protect against Western domination.
💡Western Domination
Western Domination refers to the control or influence exerted by Western countries, particularly the industrialized nations of Europe and the United States, over other parts of the world during the 19th and early 20th centuries. The video discusses how the fear of Western domination prompted Japan to initiate state-sponsored industrialization to strengthen its position and avoid becoming subservient to Western economic interests.
💡Railroads
Railroads are a form of transportation consisting of tracks along which trains run. They played a crucial role in the industrialization process by facilitating the movement of goods and people. In the context of the video, the building of railroads in Japan is highlighted as part of the state-funded industrialization efforts during the Meiji Restoration, which contributed to Japan's rapid modernization and economic growth.
Highlights

Some states industrialized from the top down, unlike others that did so from the bottom up.

Industrialization shifted the global balance of power in favor of Western European and US states.

Egypt, part of the Ottoman Empire, pursued state-sponsored industrialization to reduce dependence on the Ottoman sultants.

The Ottoman Empire was in decline due to internal corruption and conflicts, with little investment in industrialization.

Under Muhammad Ali, Egypt established textile and weapons factories and promoted the cultivation of crops like wheat and cotton.

Egypt raised tariffs to protect its growing industries, but this was later undermined by British intervention.

Britain forced Egypt to remove trade barriers, leading to the influx of British goods and stunting of Egyptian industry.

In contrast, Japan's state-sponsored industrialization was highly successful.

Japan had isolated itself from Western influence until witnessing Western powers dominate other Asian states.

The arrival of Commodore Perry with advanced ships and demands for trade led to Japan's decision to industrialize.

Japan initiated an aggressive industrialization program as a defensive measure against Western domination.

The Meiji Restoration led to the overthrow of the shogunate and reestablishment of an emperor, facilitating Japan's industrialization.

Japan sent emissaries to learn from Western powers and implemented much of what they learned in their own state.

The Meiji Restoration resulted in Japan adopting an industrial economy, leading to it becoming a major power in Asia.

Japan's industrialization allowed it to deal with Europeans and Americans on equal terms, unlike other regional powers.

The video provides a comparison of state-sponsored industrialization efforts in Egypt and Japan, with different outcomes.

The speaker uses vivid and humorous language to explain historical events and their impacts.

Transcripts

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Related Tags
Industrial RevolutionMuhammad AliEgyptian EconomyBritish InterventionJapanese IsolationMatthew PerryMeiji RestorationState SponsoredAsian PowerWestern Domination