AROUND THE AP WORLD DAY 65: OTTOMANS & SAFAVIDS

FREEMAN- PEDIA
5 Mar 202104:14
EducationalLearning
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TLDRThis script discusses the significance of the Ottoman and Safavid empires during the early modern period (1450-1750). The Ottomans, who took Constantinople in 1453, are highlighted for their military prowess, the devshirme recruitment system, their rivalry with the Safavids rooted in religious differences, and their administrative practice of tax farming. The Safavids, on the other hand, are noted for being the first major Shia Muslim empire, situated between the Ottomans and Mughals, and their nine wars with the Ottomans. The emphasis is on the Ottomans' lasting impact and the Safavids' role in shaping modern Iran.

Takeaways
  • 🌍 The Ottoman Empire was a dominant land-based empire from 1450 to 1750, with significant focus on it in historical studies.
  • 🏰 The fall of Constantinople in 1453 marked the rise of the Ottoman Empire as a major power on the global stage.
  • 👦 The Ottomans had a unique recruitment system, which involved taking Christian children from Eastern Europe, converting them to Islam, and training them for various roles in the empire.
  • ⚔️ The rivalry between the Ottomans and the Safavids was not only about territory but also a significant religious conflict between Sunni Islam (Ottomans) and Shia Islam (Safavids).
  • 🌐 The Ottoman Empire was a multicultural society that required a degree of tolerance, as demonstrated by their acceptance of Muslims and Jews expelled from Spain in 1492.
  • 💰 The practice of tax farming was used by the Ottomans to ensure a steady income without the need for extensive bureaucracy expansion.
  • 🛡️ The Janissaries were an infamous military unit composed of converted Christian children, known for their role in the Ottoman military.
  • 📜 The Safavid Empire is less mentioned in historical studies but is notable for being the first major empire to be ruled by Shia Muslims.
  • 🏹 The Safavids were constantly at war with their Sunni Muslim neighbors, the Ottomans and the Mughals, engaging in nine wars with the Ottomans during the period.
  • 📍 The Safavid Empire's legacy is significant as it laid the groundwork for modern-day Iran and its predominantly Shia Muslim population.
Q & A

  • What is the significance of the Ottoman Empire in the early modern period?

    -The Ottoman Empire was a major land-based empire during the early modern period, from 1450 to 1750. It played a significant role in shaping the political and religious landscape of the time, particularly through its control over Constantinople, which was a strategic crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa.

  • How did the Ottomans introduce themselves to the world during the early modern period?

    -The Ottomans announced their presence on the world stage by conquering Constantinople in 1453, an event that marked their rise as a dominant power in the region.

  • What was the devshirme system and how did it function within the Ottoman Empire?

    -The devshirme system was a practice where the Ottomans would take Christian children from Southeast Europe, convert them to Islam, and raise them in Ottoman traditions. These children were then trained for various positions in the government, religious institutions, or the military, most notably as janissaries.

  • What was the primary religious conflict between the Ottomans and the Safavids?

    -The primary religious conflict between the Ottomans and the Safavids was a sectarian struggle between Sunni Islam, followed by the Ottomans, and Shia Islam, followed by the Safavids.

  • How did the Ottoman Empire maintain a multicultural society?

    -The Ottoman Empire maintained a multicultural society through a policy of relative tolerance. They ruled over diverse groups and were known to accept people of different faiths, such as when they welcomed Muslims and Jews expelled from Spain in 1492.

  • What is tax farming, as practiced by the Ottoman Empire?

    -Tax farming was a system where the Ottomans would auction off the right to collect taxes to the highest bidder. This ensured a steady flow of income without the need to significantly expand their bureaucracy.

  • How many times is the Ottoman Empire mentioned in the College Board curriculum?

    -The Ottoman Empire is mentioned 32 times in the College Board curriculum, highlighting its importance in the study of history.

  • What is the significance of the Safavid Empire in the context of the early modern period?

    -The Safavid Empire is significant as the first major empire to be ruled by Shia Muslims, putting Shiism on the map. It played a crucial role in shaping the religious and political identity of modern-day Iran.

  • How many wars did the Safavids fight with the Ottomans during the early modern period?

    -The Safavids fought nine wars with the Ottomans during the early modern period, indicating the intensity of their rivalry.

  • Which two empires were the main rivals of the Safavids besides the Ottomans?

    -Besides the Ottomans, the Safavids had the Mughal Empire as their main rival, being situated between these two powerful Sunni Muslim empires.

  • What is the primary religious affiliation of the Safavid Empire?

    -The Safavid Empire was primarily affiliated with Shia Islam, which distinguished it from its Sunni rivals, the Ottomans and the Mughals.

Outlines
00:00
🌐 Ottoman-Zaphobits Rivalry and Early Modern Empires

This paragraph introduces the rivalry between the Ottomans and the Zaphobits as a significant event in the early modern period. It humorously emphasizes the Ottoman Empire's prevalence in educational curriculum, mentioning its 32 appearances in the College Board's materials, surpassing the United States and Germany. The paragraph outlines the time frame of the Ottoman's dominance from 1450 to 1750 and their notable act of conquering Constantinople in 1453. It also touches on the devshirme system, the Ottoman's rivalry with the Safavids rooted in religious differences, and the concept of millets within the Ottoman society. The paragraph concludes by highlighting the Ottoman's administrative strategy of tax farming, setting the stage for their continued relevance in upcoming historical periods.

Mindmap
Keywords
💡Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire was a major land-based power from the late 13th century to its dissolution in 1922 after World War I. It was one of the most influential empires in history, controlling vast territories across three continents: Europe, Asia, and Africa. In the context of the video, the Ottomans are highlighted for their significant role in the early modern period (1450 to 1750), notably taking control of Constantinople, which they renamed Istanbul, and their rivalry with the Safavids.
💡Constantinople
Constantinople, now known as Istanbul, was a strategic city and the capital of the Byzantine Empire before its fall to the Ottomans in 1453. This event marked a turning point in history as it signified the end of the Eastern Roman Empire and the rise of the Ottoman Empire as a dominant power in the region.
💡Safavid Empire
The Safavid Empire was a significant Persian empire from 1501 to 1736, known for its contributions to the development of Persian culture and art. It was characterized by its adherence to Shia Islam, which set it apart from its Sunni Muslim rivals, the Ottomans and the Mughals. The Safavids established Shia Islam as the official religion, making them the first major empire ruled by Shia Muslims.
💡Religious Rivalry
Religious rivalry refers to the competition or conflict between different religious groups, often driven by theological differences or the struggle for dominance. In the context of the video, the rivalry between the Sunni Ottomans and the Shia Safavids is a central theme, highlighting the religious tensions and conflicts that shaped the geopolitics of the early modern period.
💡Millets
Millets were administrative divisions within the Ottoman Empire, representing religious and ethnic communities that were granted a degree of autonomy. The term is derived from the Arabic word for 'nation' and was used to describe the various non-Muslim communities, such as Christians and Jews, who were subject to the Ottoman rule but were allowed to practice their religion and maintain their cultural identity.
💡Tax Farming
Tax farming is a system where the right to collect taxes is auctioned or farmed out to private individuals or groups, who then collect the taxes and keep a portion as their fee. This practice was used by the Ottomans to ensure a steady flow of income without the need to expand their bureaucracy significantly.
💡Janissaries
The Janissaries were an elite infantry unit that formed the Ottoman Sultan's household troops in the Ottoman Empire. They were known for their strict discipline, high morale, and advanced weaponry. Initially composed of Christian youths who were conscripted through the devshirme system, converted to Islam, and trained in the Ottoman tradition, they played a crucial role in the military campaigns and the defense of the empire.
💡Devshirme
The devshirme was a practice in the Ottoman Empire where non-Muslim children, primarily Christians, were conscripted from the empire's conquered territories, converted to Islam, and trained for various roles in the Ottoman administration, military, or religious institutions. This system was instrumental in the empire's ability to integrate and assimilate different cultures and religions, while also providing a steady supply of skilled personnel.
💡Tolerance
Tolerance in the context of the Ottoman Empire refers to the relative acceptance and coexistence of different religious and ethnic groups within the empire. Despite being a Sunni Muslim empire, the Ottomans were known for their relatively tolerant policies towards non-Muslim subjects, allowing them to practice their religion and maintain their cultural identities.
💡Mughals
The Mughal Empire was a powerful Islamic empire in South Asia, founded in 1526 and lasting until the early 20th century. It was known for its cultural, artistic, and architectural achievements, as well as its military prowess. The Mughals, like the Ottomans, were Sunni Muslims and ruled over a diverse population with a strong emphasis on imperial administration and cultural integration.
💡Land-based Empires
Land-based empires refer to large, expansive states or empires that primarily controlled territories on land, as opposed to maritime or naval empires that relied on control of the seas. In the video's context, the term is used to describe the Ottoman and Safavid empires, which were significant land powers of the early modern period, controlling vast territories and influencing the course of history through their military campaigns, cultural achievements, and administrative innovations.
Highlights

The Ottoman Empire's prominence in the early modern period, being mentioned 32 times in the College Board's curriculum.

The comparison of the Ottoman Empire's mentions to that of the United States, which is mentioned 26 times.

The historical significance of the Ottoman Empire's conquest of Constantinople, marking their introduction to the world stage.

The period of Ottoman dominance from 1450 to 1750, paralleling Russia's rise during the same era.

The Ottoman Empire's unique recruitment system, involving the selection and training of non-Muslim children.

The religious and cultural diversity within the Ottoman Empire, governed by Sunni Muslims.

The Ottoman Empire's policy of tolerance, exemplified by their acceptance of Muslims and Jews expelled from Spain in 1492.

The concept of tax farming in the Ottoman Empire, where the right to tax was auctioned off to ensure a steady income.

The Safavid Empire's mention only five times in the College Board's curriculum, highlighting their lesser-known status.

The Safavid Empire's defining characteristic as the first major empire to be ruled by Shia Muslims.

The geographical challenge faced by the Safavids, being situated between two powerful Sunni Muslim empires, the Ottomans and the Mughals.

The intense religious rivalry between the Sunni Ottomans and the Shia Safavids, leading to nine wars during the period.

The historical context of the land-based empires and the upcoming focus on two additional empires in the subsequent lectures.

The emphasis on the importance of the Ottoman Empire's continued study, despite the waning of their power in later periods.

The role of the Safavid Empire as a precursor to modern-day Iran, with their distinct Shia Muslim identity.

The anticipation of the next lecture, which will cover the final set of land-based empires.

Transcripts

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