Solubility Rules and How to Use a Solubility Table

Melissa Maribel
31 Mar 201807:35
EducationalLearning
32 Likes 10 Comments

TLDRThis educational video script introduces viewers to the concept of solubility tables, which classify compounds as either soluble (aqueous) or insoluble (solid). It explains the solubility rules for various groups, such as group one metals and halogens, with exceptions noted for specific metals like silver, lead, and mercury. The script guides through predicting solubility using examples like potassium bromide and silver fluoride, emphasizing the importance of understanding solubility trends and exceptions. It concludes by encouraging viewers to download the solubility table for practice and offers additional resources for further learning.

Takeaways
  • 💧 A solubility table is a tool used to determine if a compound is soluble (dissolves in water) or insoluble (remains a solid).
  • 📋 The table is divided into four columns, each indicating different solubility characteristics of compounds.
  • 🌟 Group one metals and compounds like ammonium, nitrate, acetate, hydrogen carbonate, chlorate, and perchlorate are always soluble and form aqueous solutions.
  • ⚠️ Halogens (e.g., chlorine, bromine, iodine) typically form soluble compounds except when combined with silver, lead, or mercury.
  • 🚫 Sulfate compounds are generally insoluble, with many exceptions where specific metals are attached, making them solids.
  • 📚 The bottom portion of the solubility table lists compounds that are typically insoluble, with a few exceptions that make them soluble.
  • 🍋 Carbonates are generally insoluble, but become soluble when combined with group one metals or ammonium.
  • 🌈 Chromates, phosphates, and sulfides follow a similar pattern, being insoluble unless combined with group one metals, calcium, magnesium, or ammonium.
  • 🌊 Hydroxides are generally insoluble, but exceptions like group one metals and ammonium make them soluble.
  • 🔍 To predict solubility, start by identifying the last element in the compound and check the solubility table for exceptions.
  • 📘 Download the solubility table for reference and additional practice, with a link provided in the description box of the video.
Q & A

  • What is the purpose of a solubility table?

    -A solubility table helps us determine whether a compound is soluble or insoluble in water, indicating whether it will dissolve to form an aqueous solution or remain as a solid.

  • How does the solubility table categorize group one metals?

    -Group one metals are categorized as always forming soluble or aqueous compounds with no exceptions to this rule.

  • What are the common exceptions to the solubility of compounds with halogens?

    -The common exceptions for halogens are when they are attached to silver, lead, or mercury, which makes the compound insoluble or a solid.

  • Which compounds are typically soluble regardless of the metal they are attached to?

    -Compounds with nitrate, acetate, hydrogen carbonate, chlorate, and perchlorate are typically soluble with no exceptions.

  • What are the exceptions to the solubility rule for sulfates?

    -Sulfates are generally insoluble when attached to barium, calcium, strontium, and lead, which are the exceptions to the rule.

  • How can you determine if a carbonate compound is soluble?

    -A carbonate compound is soluble if it is attached to group one metals or ammonium; otherwise, it is typically a solid.

  • What is the general rule for chromate compounds in the solubility table?

    -Chromate compounds are generally insoluble, but they become soluble or aqueous when attached to group one metals, calcium, magnesium, or ammonium.

  • How does the solubility of phosphates differ from other anions?

    -Phosphates are typically insoluble but become soluble when attached to group one metals or ammonium.

  • What is the general solubility rule for sulfide compounds?

    -Sulfide compounds are generally insoluble but become soluble or aqueous when attached to group one metals or ammonium.

  • How can you predict the solubility of potassium bromide using the solubility table?

    -Since potassium (K) is a group one metal and bromine is a halogen with no exceptions for potassium, potassium bromide is predicted to be soluble and aqueous.

  • What does the solubility table indicate about the compound silver fluoride?

    -Silver fluoride is predicted to be insoluble because silver is an exception to the solubility rule for halogens.

  • How does the solubility of lead iodide compare to other iodide compounds?

    -Lead iodide is insoluble because lead is an exception to the solubility rule for halogens, making it a solid unlike other soluble iodide compounds.

  • Why is lithium sulfide considered soluble according to the solubility table?

    -Lithium sulfide is soluble because lithium is a group one metal, which is an exception to the general insolubility rule for sulfides.

  • What makes a phosphate compound soluble according to the solubility table?

    -A phosphate compound is soluble if it is attached to group one metals or ammonium, which are exceptions to the general insolubility rule.

  • Why is manganese hydroxide considered insoluble?

    -Manganese hydroxide is insoluble because manganese does not fall under any of the exceptions for solubility with hydroxide, making it a solid.

  • How does the solubility of magnesium carbonate differ from other carbonates?

    -Magnesium carbonate is insoluble because magnesium is not an exception to the general insolubility rule for carbonates, unlike group one metals or ammonium.

Outlines
00:00
🧪 Understanding Solubility with a Solubility Table

This paragraph introduces the concept of solubility tables and their use in determining whether a compound is soluble or insoluble in water. It explains that soluble compounds form aqueous solutions, while insoluble ones remain solid. The paragraph details the structure of the solubility table, which is divided into columns indicating solubility and exceptions. It covers the solubility trends for various compounds, including those with group one metals, ammonium, and nitrate, which are typically soluble, and those with halogens, sulfates, and carbonates, which may have exceptions. The paragraph also provides examples of predicting solubility, starting with potassium bromide, which is soluble due to the presence of bromine and potassium, a group one metal.

05:01
🔍 Advanced Solubility Predictions and Exceptions

The second paragraph delves deeper into using the solubility table to predict the solubility of various compounds, focusing on exceptions to general solubility rules. It discusses how to identify solubility starting from the last element in a compound and provides examples with halogens, such as silver fluoride being insoluble due to silver being an exception. The paragraph further explains the solubility of iodide, nitrate, sulfide, phosphate, hydroxide, and carbonate compounds, highlighting the role of group one metals and ammonium in making these compounds soluble despite general insolubility rules. The summary encourages downloading the solubility table for further practice and references additional resources for those needing more help with solubility concepts.

Mindmap
Keywords
💡Solubility
Solubility refers to the ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent. In the context of the video, solubility is a key factor in determining whether a compound will be aqueous (dissolved in water) or remain as a solid. The video script emphasizes the importance of solubility in understanding chemical reactions, particularly how different compounds behave in water.
💡Aqueous
Aqueous describes a solution where the solvent is water. The video script explains that if a compound is soluble, it becomes aqueous, meaning it dissolves in water. This term is central to the theme of the video, as it helps to classify compounds based on their interaction with water.
💡Insoluble
Insoluble is the opposite of soluble, indicating that a substance does not dissolve in a given solvent. The script uses this term to describe compounds that remain as solids when not mixed with water, highlighting the importance of recognizing insolubility in chemical analysis.
💡Solubility Table
A solubility table is a chart that categorizes compounds based on their solubility in water. The video script uses the solubility table as a tool to predict the solubility of various compounds, demonstrating its utility in chemistry for understanding compound behavior.
💡Group One Metals
Group One Metals refers to the alkali metals found in the first group of the periodic table. The script mentions that compounds containing group one metals are typically soluble and become aqueous, which is a key rule in the solubility table discussed in the video.
💡Exceptions
In the context of the solubility table, exceptions are specific cases where the general rule of solubility does not apply. The video script points out exceptions for certain compounds, such as those containing silver, lead, or mercury, which are insoluble despite containing halogens that are typically soluble.
💡Halogens
Halogens are a group of non-metal elements in the periodic table, including fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. The script discusses halogens in relation to their solubility with metals, noting that while most are soluble, some metal-halogen combinations are exceptions and are insoluble.
💡Sulfate
Sulfate is a polyatomic anion with the formula SO4^2-. The video script uses sulfate as an example of a compound that typically has many exceptions to its solubility rule, with several metals forming insoluble sulfates.
💡Carbonate
Carbonate is a polyatomic anion with the formula CO3^2-. The script explains that carbonates are generally insoluble, but there are exceptions where certain metals, such as group one metals and ammonium, form soluble carbonates.
💡Ammonium
Ammonium is a positively charged polyatomic ion with the formula NH4+. The video script highlights ammonium as a common cation that, when attached to certain anions like carbonate or sulfide, can result in a soluble compound, despite the general insolubility of those anions.
💡Hydroxide
Hydroxide is a polyatomic anion with the formula OH-. The script mentions hydroxide as an example of an anion that typically forms insoluble compounds with most metals, except for group one metals and ammonium, which form soluble hydroxide compounds.
Highlights

A solubility table helps identify if a compound is soluble or insoluble.

Soluble compounds dissolve in water to form an aqueous solution, while insoluble compounds remain solid.

The solubility table is divided into four columns indicating solubility and exceptions.

Group one metals always form soluble, aqueous compounds.

Ammonium, nitrate, acetate, hydrogen carbonate, chlorate, and perchlorate compounds are always soluble with no exceptions.

Halogen compounds are typically soluble except when combined with silver, lead, or mercury.

Sulfate compounds are usually insoluble, with many exceptions for certain metals.

Carbonate compounds are generally insoluble but become soluble when combined with group one metals or ammonium.

Chromate compounds are insoluble except when combined with group one metals, calcium, magnesium, or ammonium.

Phosphate compounds are insoluble with exceptions for group one metals and ammonium.

Sulfide compounds are insoluble but become soluble when combined with group one metals or ammonium.

Hydroxide compounds are insoluble except when combined with group one metals, ammonium, or certain other metals.

Understanding the solubility table allows predicting the solubility of different compounds.

Potassium bromide is soluble because potassium is a group one metal.

Silver fluoride is insoluble due to silver being an exception for halogens.

Lead iodide is insoluble as lead is an exception for halogens.

Nitrate compounds are always soluble regardless of the metal.

Lithium sulfide is soluble because lithium is a group one metal.

Ammonium phosphate is soluble due to the exceptions for ammonium and group one metals.

Manganese hydroxide is insoluble as manganese is not an exception metal.

Magnesium carbonate is insoluble because magnesium does not meet the exceptions.

A free solubility table is available for download to aid in understanding and practice.

Transcripts

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Solubility TableChemistry GuideCompound AnalysisAqueous SolutionsChemical PropertiesMetal GroupsHalogen ExceptionsAmmonium SolubilityEducational VideoScience TutorialChemistry Rules