AP World History Modern: AMSCO - 4.7 Read Aloud

Mono Entertainment King

25 Sept 202220:38

EducationalLearning

32 Likes 10 Comments

TLDRThis video script delves into the transformation of social hierarchies in Europe, the Ottoman Empire, and the Americas between 1450 and 1750. It highlights the expulsion of Jews from Spain in 1492 and their subsequent refuge in the Ottoman Empire, which was more tolerant and even benefited from their contributions to various fields. The video discusses the rise of a middle class, the tensions between military elites and rulers in the 'gunpowder empires,' and the influence of women like Roxolana in the Ottoman court. It also touches on the Manchu rule in China, European social structures, and the emergence of new social hierarchies in the Americas due to colonization and the caste system. The script emphasizes the role of race in determining social status during colonization and how various forms of power—political, military, and economic—shaped these hierarchies. It concludes with a reflection on the lasting impact of these historical social structures on modern society.

Takeaways

📜 The Edicts of the Expulsion of the Jews by Ferdinand and Isabella in 1492 marked a significant change in social hierarchies, leading to the expulsion of Jews from Spain and their subsequent migration to other regions.
🌍 The Ottoman Empire contrasted with Spain by providing a safe haven for Jews fleeing persecution in Europe, highlighting a more tolerant approach to religious minorities.
🏰 The social structure in various civilizations was typically defined by categories such as royalty, nobility, landowners, scholars, soldiers, and a growing middle class of merchants and artisans.
🛡️ Gunpowder Empires, including the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals, were characterized by their military success with the use of advanced weaponry like guns and cannons.
🧕 The Ottoman social system was built around a warrior aristocracy and a bureaucracy that included scholars of Islamic law, with the janissaries gaining significant power and influence.
👑 The rise of Roxolana in the Ottoman Empire demonstrated that, although rare, it was possible for individuals to change their social class, as she ascended from slavery to a position of considerable power.
🧘 The Mughal Emperor Akbar the Great was known for his military success and administrative achievements, as well as his religious tolerance, which helped to maintain a diverse and fractious empire.
👥 Social hierarchies in Europe were maintained through a system of inheritance and privilege, with the nobility owning most of the land and holding a significant amount of power.
💼 The emerging middle class in Europe, consisting of merchants and skilled workers, began to challenge the power of the nobility, leading to social and political changes.
🕍 The acceptance of Jews in various societies increased from the 17th century onwards, with many playing significant roles in banking and commerce, especially in the Netherlands.
🌐 The arrival of Europeans in the Americas led to a drastic change in social structures, with the introduction of African slave labor and the establishment of a new social hierarchy based on race and ancestry.

Q & A

What was the essential question posed in the chapter 4.7 of the AP World History textbook?
-The essential question was how social categories, roles, and practices were maintained or changed from 1450 to 1750 as societies faced rebellions from outside and within.
Why were Jews expelled from Spain in 1492?
-Jews were expelled from Spain due to the Edicts of the Expulsion issued by Ferdinand and Isabella, which ordered Jews to depart from their kingdoms and never return.
How did the Ottoman Empire treat Jews fleeing discrimination in Europe?
-The Ottoman Empire provided a safe haven for Jews fleeing discrimination in Europe, with Sultan Muhammad II inviting them to settle in Istanbul after their expulsion from Spain in 1492.
What was the role of the Janissaries in the Ottoman Empire?
-The Janissaries were a military unit within the Ottoman Empire that gained power and prestige. They were known for their loyalty to the Sultan and their role in the empire's military success.
Who was Roxolana and how did she rise to power in the Ottoman Empire?
-Roxolana was a woman who started as a slave in the Ottoman Empire but rose to become unusually powerful. She was married to Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent and became influential in court politics, commissioning public work projects and contributing to the empire's administration.
What was the significance of the caste system in Latin America?
-The caste system in Latin America was a social hierarchy based on race and ancestry. It defined social status in a formal way, with skin color as a signifier of power and status, and it persisted in the Spanish and Portuguese Empires for centuries.
How did the Qing Dynasty maintain control over the majority Han Chinese population?
-The Qing Dynasty, ruled by the Manchu people, maintained control by placing their own people in top government positions, requiring all men to wear the Manchu hairstyle, and using Han Chinese defectors to carry out massacres against those who refused to assimilate to Qing practices.
What was the role of the nobility in European states?
-The nobility, typically wealthy landowners, held a high social status in European states. They maintained their power through inheritance and often had special privileges granted by the law. However, they also faced challenges from emerging middle classes and had to contend with changes in political power dynamics.
How did the social hierarchy in Russia evolve during the period discussed in the chapter?
-The social hierarchy in Russia continued the structure of Kievan Rus', with the noble landowning class, the Boyars, at the top, followed by merchants, and then peasants who gradually became serfs, bound to the land they worked and with little personal freedom.
What was the impact of European colonization on the social structures in the Americas?
-European colonization drastically changed social structures in the Americas by introducing a new social hierarchy based on race and ancestry. This led to the development of a caste system where racial and ethnic background formally defined social status.
How did the treatment of religious minorities differ between the Ottoman Empire and the Mughal Empire?
-The Ottoman Empire was relatively tolerant towards religious minorities, allowing Jews and Christians to practice their religion, albeit with certain restrictions and taxes. In contrast, the Mughal Empire under Akbar the Great was known for its religious tolerance, with Akbar ending the jizya tax on non-Muslims and supporting various religious communities.

Outlines

00:00

📜 Medieval European Social Hierarchies and the Ottoman Empire

This paragraph discusses the transformation of social hierarchies in Europe from 1450 to 1750, focusing on the treatment of Jews and the rise of a middle class. It highlights the expulsion of Jews from various European countries and the contrasting policy of the Ottoman Empire, which provided refuge. The paragraph also touches on the power dynamics within the Ottoman Empire, including the role of the military elite, the bureaucracy, and the sultan's use of the Tamar system. It concludes with a note on the empire's relative religious tolerance, particularly towards Jews and Christians.

05:00

👑 Power Dynamics and Social Mobility in the Ottoman and Mughal Empires

The second paragraph delves into the roles of women in the Ottoman Empire, with a focus on Roxelana, who rose from slavery to significant political influence. It outlines the social classes within the empire, from the elite sultans and viziers to the lower classes of peasants and slaves. The paragraph also contrasts the Ottoman Empire's social structure with that of the Mughal Empire under Akbar the Great, emphasizing Akbar's religious tolerance and administrative achievements. It briefly mentions the Manchu rule in China's Qing Dynasty and the associated ethnic tensions.

10:04

🏰 European Nobility and the Shift Towards Absolutism

This section examines the European social hierarchy, with an emphasis on the power and privileges of the nobility. It discusses the struggle for power between the nobility and the emerging middle class, as well as the rise of absolutist rulers like Louis XIV. The paragraph also explores the impact of technological advancements on the balance of power between royalty and nobility. It concludes with a discussion on the growing acceptance of Jews in various European societies from the 17th century onwards.

15:06

🌍 Colonial Social Hierarchies and the Impact of Race

The fourth paragraph explores the drastic changes in social structures in the Americas due to European colonization, the importation of African slave labor, and the devastating effects of disease on indigenous populations. It describes the development of a new social hierarchy based on race and ancestry, with skin color as a determinant of social status. The paragraph outlines the caste system in Latin America, with peninsulares at the top and enslaved Africans and indigenous people at the bottom. It also touches on the economic aspects, such as piracy and the impact of the Barbary Pirates on the Mediterranean.

20:08

📚 Summary and Reflection on Racial Hierarchy in Colonial Societies

The final paragraph summarizes the key themes of the chapter, emphasizing the role of race in determining social status within colonial societies. It reflects on the lasting impact of these historical patterns on modern society. The speaker also encourages viewers to like, subscribe, and stay updated for the next chapter, emphasizing the importance of staying safe, happy, and entertained.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Social Hierarchies

Social hierarchies refer to the ranking of individuals or groups within a society based on factors such as wealth, power, and social status. In the video, the concept is central to understanding how different societies developed and maintained distinct social structures from 1450 to 1750, particularly in the face of rebellions and changing social dynamics. For example, the treatment of Jews and the formation of middle classes in various European societies are discussed in the context of social hierarchies.

💡Edicts of Expulsion

The Edicts of Expulsion were formal orders to expel certain groups from a region or kingdom. The video cites the expulsion of Jews from Spain in 1492 by Ferdinand and Isabella as a significant historical event that reshaped social hierarchies and led to the migration and settlement of Jews in other regions like the Ottoman Empire. This event is pivotal to the discussion of how social categories and practices were changed during the period.

💡Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire was a powerful state that existed from the 13th to the early 20th century, known for its sophisticated social system and military prowess. The video highlights the Ottoman social system, which was built around a warrior aristocracy and the ulema, or scholars of Islamic law. The empire's approach to social hierarchy and its relative tolerance towards religious minorities, such as Jews and Christians, is contrasted with other European states of the time.

💡Religious Tolerance

Religious tolerance refers to the acceptance and respect for different religious beliefs and practices. The video discusses the relative tolerance of the Ottoman Empire towards Jews and Christians, which was a notable aspect of its social hierarchy. For instance, Sultan Muhammad II invited Jews expelled from Spain to settle in Istanbul, where they could practice their religion, albeit with certain restrictions and social limitations.

💡Gunpowder Empires

Gunpowder Empires is a term used to describe large empires that rose to prominence due to their military use of gunpowder technology, such as cannons and firearms. The video mentions the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals as examples. These empires are significant to the discussion of social hierarchies as they often had complex systems of governance and social stratification, with tensions between military elites and absolutist rulers.

💡Roxolana

Roxolana, also known as Roxelana or Hurrem Sultan, was a powerful woman in the Ottoman Empire who rose from being a slave to having significant influence over the sultan and the empire. Her story is used in the video to illustrate the potential for social mobility, albeit rare, within the strict social hierarchies of the time. Roxolana's influence on politics and her son's succession to the throne exemplify the interplay between social status and power.

💡Qing Dynasty

The Qing Dynasty was the last imperial dynasty in China, ruling from 1644 to 1912. The video discusses the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty's establishment of a social hierarchy that placed Manchus at the top, with Han Chinese and other ethnic groups beneath them. The Manchu's policy of requiring Han men to adopt the Manchu hairstyle, or queue, serves as an example of how social hierarchies were enforced and how they served as a test of loyalty to the ruling class.

💡European Nobility

European nobility refers to the aristocratic class in European societies, typically consisting of wealthy landowners with hereditary titles. The video explains that the nobility held significant power and privileges, which were often passed down through inheritance. However, the video also notes that the nobility faced challenges from emerging social classes, such as the middle class and religious sects, leading to shifts in the traditional social hierarchy.

💡Racial Hierarchy

A racial hierarchy is a system of social organization where groups are ranked according to perceived racial differences. The video discusses how, in the European colonies in the Americas, a new social hierarchy based on race and ancestry was established. Skin color became a determinant of social status, with those at the top being of European descent and those at the bottom being indigenous people or enslaved Africans. This system persisted for centuries and is highlighted as a lasting legacy of colonization.

💡Caste System

The caste system, as discussed in the video, was a social stratification system used in Latin America that categorized individuals based on their racial ancestry. At the top were peninsulares (those born in the Iberian Peninsula), followed by criollos (those of European ancestry born in the Americas), and then castas (people of mixed race). This system is significant to the video's theme as it exemplifies how race was used to determine social status and opportunities within colonial societies.

💡Sephardic Jews

Sephardic Jews are those who trace their origins to the Iberian Peninsula, particularly Spain. After the expulsion of Jews from Spain in 1492, many Sephardic Jews resettled in regions around the Mediterranean, Northern Africa, and the Middle East. The video uses the term to illustrate the impact of forced migration on social categories and the formation of distinct Jewish communities in various parts of the world.

Highlights

The Edicts of the Expulsion of the Jews by Ferdinand and Isabella in 1492 marked a significant shift in social hierarchies.

Social hierarchies in Europe transformed between 1450 and 1750 due to internal and external rebellions.

Majorities often treated non-majority ethnic groups differently, as evidenced by the expulsion of Jews from various European countries.

The Ottoman Empire provided a safe haven for Jews fleeing discrimination in Europe.

Distinctive social hierarchies developed worldwide with different groups vying for power and influence.

The emergence of a middle class consisting of merchants and artisans was a notable shift in societal structure.

Many states created policies that discriminated against certain groups based on religion, ethnicity, or social class.

Gunpowder Empires, such as the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals, succeeded militarily by using advanced weaponry.

The Ottoman social system was built around a warrior aristocracy that later competed with the ulama for bureaucratic positions.

The Janissaries, a military unit in the Ottoman Empire, gained power but eventually tried to mount coups against the Sultans.

Sultan Muhammad II invited Jews to settle in Istanbul after their expulsion from Spain, contributing to the empire's diversity.

Akbar the Great of the Mughal Empire was known for his military success, administrative achievements, and religious tolerance.

Roxelana, a former slave, rose to power in the Ottoman Empire, demonstrating the possibility of social mobility.

Peasants and slaves in the Ottoman Empire often struggled due to heavy tributes and lack of personal freedom.

The Manchu people of the Qing Dynasty ruled over various ethnic groups with less tolerance than their predecessors, the Mongols.

European social hierarchies were defined by royalty, nobility, and the emerging middle class, with tensions between these groups.

The acceptance of Jews in various societies grew from the 17th century onwards, with a decline in prejudice and increased participation in banking and commerce.

The social hierarchy in Russia continued to be defined by the Boyer class, merchants, and peasants, with serfs at the bottom.

The arrival of Europeans and the importation of African slaves drastically changed social structures in the Americas, creating new hierarchies based on race and ancestry.

The caste system in Latin America established a rigid social hierarchy with peninsulares, creolos, castas, and indigenous people and enslaved Africans at the bottom.

Transcripts

Browse More Related Video

Changing SOCIAL HIERARCHIES, 1450-1750 [AP World History Review—Unit 4 Topic 7]

Changing Social Hierarchies 1450-1750 [AP World History] Unit 4 Topic 7

AP World History UNIT 4 REVIEW—1450-1750

AP World History (WHAP) Unit 4: Transoceanic Connections 1450-1750

AP World Review 1450-1750 (Units 3-4)

AP World History Modern: AMSCO - 4.4 Read Aloud

Related Tags

Social Hierarchies Race and Society Religious Tolerance European Colonization Ottoman Empire Mughal Empire Qing Dynasty Nobility Power Jewish Expulsion Harem Politics Caste System