America's Ancestry, Explained Through Maps

The United States has a complex ancestry landscape due to its history of colonization, immigration, and indigenous populations. The largest ethnic group is only 13% of the population, and many Americans have diverse backgrounds from multiple ethnic groups. The country is home to around 430 different languages, reflecting its multicultural heritage.

Germans are the largest ethnic group in the U.S., with about 13% of Americans having German ancestry. Germans began immigrating in significant numbers after the 30 Years War, seeking religious freedom in colonies like Pennsylvania. By the time of the Revolutionary War, a third of Pennsylvania was German. German immigration surged in the mid-1800s due to political revolutions and economic opportunities, leading to widespread settlement across the northern and midwestern U.S.

Mexican Americans are a significant ancestry group, especially in the southwestern U.S., where many states were once part of Mexico. Economic factors and violence have driven immigration from Mexico, with many Mexicans taking up low-wage jobs, particularly in agriculture. Spanish is the second most common language in the U.S., with about 13% of Americans speaking it at home.

Black Americans are primarily concentrated in the southern U.S., reflecting the history of slavery. Many were brought from Africa during the transatlantic slave trade. Despite the end of slavery, black Americans faced systemic racism, segregation, and discrimination. The Great Migration saw millions move north and west for better opportunities, leading to a significant demographic shift.

Irish Americans are the second largest ancestry group in the northeastern U.S., with significant populations in states like Massachusetts and Rhode Island. Irish immigration was spurred by the Great Famine and British policies that exacerbated poverty and starvation. Irish immigrants often faced discrimination due to their religion and found work in major port cities and in rural labor projects.

English descendants make up a significant portion of the U.S. population, though this is often undercounted. English colonists and their descendants dominated early American society and culture. English is the most commonly spoken language in the U.S., and many Americans with English ancestry identify simply as 'American' rather than specifying their English heritage.

Italian Americans are the sixth largest ancestry group, primarily concentrated in the northeastern U.S., particularly around New York City. Italian immigration was driven by economic disparities between the industrialized north and the impoverished south of Italy. Italian immigrants often worked in industrial jobs and faced discrimination. Their influence is seen in American food, neighborhoods, and cultural contributions.

Louisiana and Hawaii have unique cultural compositions due to their histories and immigration patterns. Louisiana has a significant French and Spanish influence, with groups like the Creoles and Cajuns. Hawaii is home to a diverse population with Native Hawaiians, Asian immigrants, and other ethnic groups, reflecting its Polynesian roots and history of plantation labor from Asia.

Alaska and Oklahoma have large indigenous populations with distinct histories and cultures. Alaska Natives include diverse groups like the Inuit and Athabaskan peoples, while Oklahoma is home to tribes relocated from the southeastern U.S., such as the Cherokee and Choctaw. These communities have faced historical injustices and continue to preserve their cultural heritage.

New Mexico has a unique Spanish colonial legacy, with a significant population descended from Spanish colonists who arrived in the 1500s. These individuals, known as Nuevomexicanos, have a distinct cultural identity tied to their colonial heritage. The U.S. acquisition of Mexican territories in the 1800s led to these Spanish descendants becoming American citizens.

Scandinavian immigrants, particularly Norwegians, have had a significant impact on the Midwest, especially in Minnesota, South Dakota, and North Dakota. Drawn by the promise of agricultural opportunities and the U.S. policy of giving away land to settlers, these immigrants established tight-knit communities and brought their customs and traditions with them. Despite challenges, their descendants continue to influence the region's culture and identity.

The United States is a melting pot of cultures, with each state having its own unique history and cultural makeup. From Asian immigration on the West Coast to Jewish, Caribbean, Arab, and other diverse communities across the country, the U.S. is characterized by a rich tapestry of ethnicities, languages, and traditions that contribute to its dynamic society.