How to find the number of Protons, Neutrons and Electrons? Chemistry

Najam Academy
18 Jan 202107:14
EducationalLearning
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TLDRThis informative script teaches the fundamentals of identifying the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in neutral atoms, ions, and isotopes. It explains the relationship between atomic and mass numbers, and how they determine the number of protons and neutrons. The script also covers how electrons are gained or lost to form ions, with examples of cations and anions, and concludes with a method for calculating the components of isotopes. The clear explanations and examples make it an engaging and educational resource.

Takeaways
  • 📚 The mass number of an atom is the sum of protons and neutrons, while the atomic number equals the number of protons.
  • ⚛️ In a neutral atom, the number of protons equals the number of electrons.
  • 👉 To find neutrons in a neutral atom, subtract the atomic number from the mass number.
  • 🎈 For example, oxygen (O16) has 8 protons, 8 electrons, and (16-8)=8 neutrons.
  • 💡 Sodium (Na) with a mass number of 23 and atomic number 11 has 11 protons, 11 electrons, and (23-11)=12 neutrons.
  • 🌟 Aluminum (Al) with a mass number of 27 and atomic number 13 has 13 protons, 13 electrons, and (27-13)=14 neutrons.
  • 🔋 Ions are charged atoms; cations (positive ions) lose electrons, and anions (negative ions) gain electrons.
  • 💥 Aluminum ion (Al3+) has 13 protons, (27-13)=14 neutrons, and (13-3)=10 electrons.
  • 🌱 Oxygen ion (O2-) has 8 protons, (16-8)=8 neutrons, and (8+2)=10 electrons.
  • 🔍 In isotopes, the number of protons remains the same, but the number of neutrons varies, e.g., carbon isotopes have 6 protons and varying neutrons (carbon-12: 6 neutrons, carbon-13: 7 neutrons, carbon-14: 8 neutrons).
  • 📈 The atomic number determines the element, while the mass number distinguishes isotopes of the same element.
Q & A

  • What is the mass number of a neutral atom of oxygen?

    -The mass number of a neutral atom of oxygen is 16.

  • What is the atomic number of oxygen, and what does it represent?

    -The atomic number of oxygen is 8, which represents the number of protons in the atom.

  • How many protons and electrons are in a neutral atom of oxygen?

    -In a neutral atom of oxygen, there are 8 protons and 8 electrons.

  • How can you determine the number of neutrons in an atom?

    -To determine the number of neutrons in an atom, subtract the atomic number from the mass number.

  • What is the mass number and atomic number of a sodium atom?

    -The mass number of a sodium atom is 23, and the atomic number is 11.

  • How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in an aluminum atom with a mass number of 27?

    -In an aluminum atom with a mass number of 27, there are 13 protons, 14 neutrons, and 13 electrons.

  • What happens to the number of electrons in a cation compared to a neutral atom?

    -In a cation, the number of electrons is less than in a neutral atom because positive ions lose electrons.

  • How does the number of electrons change in an anion compared to a neutral atom?

    -In an anion, the number of electrons is more than in a neutral atom because negative ions gain electrons.

  • What is the relationship between the mass number and the number of neutrons in an atom?

    -The number of neutrons in an atom is equal to the mass number minus the atomic number.

  • How many neutrons are in a chlorine atom with a mass number of 35?

    -In a chlorine atom with a mass number of 35, there are 18 neutrons.

  • What are the differences in the number of neutrons among carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14 isotopes?

    -Carbon-12 has 6 neutrons, carbon-13 has 7 neutrons, and carbon-14 has 8 neutrons.

  • How can you identify the charge of an ion by looking at its symbol?

    -A positive charge (cation) is indicated by a positive number, while a negative charge (anion) is indicated by a negative number next to the element symbol.

Outlines
00:00
🌟 Understanding Atomic Structure

This paragraph introduces the concepts of mass number and atomic number, using oxygen and sodium atoms as examples. It explains that the mass number is the sum of protons and neutrons, and the atomic number equals the number of protons. In a neutral atom, the number of protons equals the number of electrons. The paragraph also demonstrates how to calculate the number of neutrons by subtracting the atomic number from the mass number. It further illustrates these concepts with the examples of aluminum and chlorine atoms, emphasizing the relationship between the number of protons, electrons, and neutrons in neutral atoms.

05:03
🔋 Ions and Their Atomic Composition

This paragraph delves into the differences between cations and anions, explaining that cations are positive ions formed when an atom loses electrons, while anions are negative ions formed when an atom gains electrons. The paragraph uses the examples of aluminum and oxygen ions to illustrate how the number of electrons changes in ions compared to their neutral atoms, while the number of protons remains the same. It highlights the rule that positive charges in cations reduce the number of electrons and negative charges in anions increase the number of electrons. The paragraph concludes with a bonus tip on identifying the composition of isotopes, using carbon isotopes as examples.

Mindmap
Keywords
💡Protons
Protons are subatomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom. They carry a positive electric charge. In the context of the video, the number of protons in an atom determines its atomic number and defines the element. For example, an oxygen atom with an atomic number of 8 has 8 protons, as mentioned in the script.
💡Neutrons
Neutrons are subatomic particles that are located in the nucleus of an atom, alongside protons. They have no electric charge, which distinguishes them from protons and electrons. The number of neutrons in an atom can be found by subtracting the atomic number from the mass number. In the video, the number of neutrons in an oxygen atom is calculated as 16 (mass number) - 8 (atomic number) = 8 neutrons.
💡Electrons
Electrons are subatomic particles that orbit the nucleus of an atom. They carry a negative electric charge and are involved in chemical bonding and electrical charge. In a neutral atom, the number of electrons is equal to the number of protons, balancing the positive and negative charges. The video explains that in ions, the number of electrons changes when an atom gains or loses electrons, resulting in a net charge.
💡Mass Number
The mass number of an atom is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. It is a whole number that indicates the total mass of an atom and is often displayed as a superscript to the left of the element symbol. The video emphasizes that the mass number is greater than the atomic number and is crucial for identifying isotopes and calculating the number of neutrons.
💡Atomic Number
The atomic number is a unique identifier for each element in the periodic table. It represents the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of that element. The atomic number also determines the element's position in the periodic table and dictates its chemical properties. In the video, the atomic number is used to find the number of protons and, by extension, the number of electrons in a neutral atom.
💡Ions
Ions are atoms or molecules that have an unequal number of protons and electrons, resulting in a net electrical charge. Cations are positively charged ions that form when an atom loses electrons, while anions are negatively charged ions that form when an atom gains electrons. The video explains how to calculate the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in both cations and anions, emphasizing changes in electron numbers.
💡Isotopes
Isotopes are variants of a particular chemical element which differ in neutron number, while the number of protons (the atomic number) remains the same. This means that isotopes of an element have the same chemical properties but different physical properties. The video provides a method for calculating the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in different isotopes, such as carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14.
💡Neutral Atom
A neutral atom is an atom that has an equal number of protons and electrons, resulting in no overall electric charge. The atomic number, which is the number of protons, is also equal to the number of electrons in a neutral atom. The video uses neutral atoms as a basis for explaining how to find the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom and its ions.
💡Cations
Cations are ions with a positive charge. They form when an atom loses one or more electrons. The positive charge is indicated by a superscript number to the right of the element symbol, representing the number of electrons lost. The video explains that the number of protons in a cation remains the same as in the neutral atom, but the number of electrons is reduced by the charge of the ion.
💡Anions
Anions are ions with a negative charge. They form when an atom gains one or more electrons. The negative charge is indicated by a subscript number to the right of the element symbol, representing the number of extra electrons. The video explains that in anions, the number of protons remains the same, but the number of electrons is increased by the charge of the ion.
💡Periodic Table
The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements, organized by increasing atomic number. It groups elements by their chemical properties and is a fundamental tool in chemistry for understanding and predicting the behavior of elements. The video uses the periodic table to identify elements and their atomic numbers, which is essential for calculating the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Highlights

Understanding the basics of atomic structure is crucial for grasping chemical properties and reactions.

The mass number represents the sum of protons and neutrons in an atom.

The atomic number is equal to the number of protons, which also equals the number of electrons in a neutral atom.

In the case of oxygen (O16), there are 8 protons and 8 electrons, with the number of neutrons calculated as 16 - 8 = 8.

Sodium (Na) has a mass number of 23 and an atomic number of 11, indicating 11 protons and 12 neutrons.

Aluminum (Al) has a mass number of 27 and an atomic number of 13, with 13 protons and 14 neutrons.

Chlorine (Cl) with a mass number of 35 and an atomic number of 17 has 17 protons and 18 neutrons.

Ions are atoms or molecules that have gained or lost electrons, resulting in a net charge.

Cations are positively charged ions that have lost electrons, such as an aluminum ion (Al3+) which has 10 electrons.

Anions are negatively charged ions that have gained electrons, like the oxygen ion (O2-) with 10 electrons.

The charge on an ion indicates the number of electrons gained or lost, which is added to or subtracted from the neutral atom's electron count.

Isotopes are variants of an element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

Carbon-12 (C-12) has 6 protons, 6 electrons, and 6 neutrons.

Carbon-13 (C-13) has 6 protons, 6 electrons, and 7 neutrons.

Carbon-14 (C-14) has 6 protons, 6 electrons, and 8 neutrons.

The method for calculating the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in isotopes is similar to that for neutral atoms and ions.

This knowledge is essential for understanding radioactivity and the applications of isotopes in various fields.

The relationship between mass number, atomic number, and the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons is fundamental to chemistry and physics.

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