Lecture 34: Evolution and Growth of Planning Legislation III (India)
TLDRThe script outlines the evolution of urban planning legislation in India, mapping key acts from the pre-independence era like the 1864 Sanitary Commission to mitigate urban health issues, the 1915 Bombay Town Planning Act as India's first planning legislation, and the post-independence era seeing new city planning aligned with modernism. It traces India's five-year plans from 1951 onwards focused on mixed economy growth, the impacts of global agendas like the Millennium Development Goals, and recent acts like the 2013 Land Acquisition Rehabilitation Act, providing a timeline to contextualize India's planning approach.
Takeaways
- 😊 The session provides an overview of the evolution and growth of urban planning in India, focusing specifically on key legislation and policy acts over time.
- 👨🏫 Acts discussed include the 1864 Sanitary Commission, 1894 Land Acquisition Act, 1915 Bombay Town Planning Act, among others pre-independence.
- 🏙 Post-independence discussion covers New Cities built on modernist lines, the Industrial Policy Resolution of 1948, Five Year Plans, the Slum Area Improvement and Clearance Act, and more.
- 📜 Other acts highlighted are the Ancient Monuments Act, Model Town Planning Act, Maharashtra Regional & Town Planning Act, Delhi Urban Arts Commission Act.
- 🌆 The timeline tracks the introduction of guidelines like URDPFI, amendments like the 74th Constitutional Amendment, and global agendas like SDGs.
- 📈 Plans aim to share a historical trajectory of acts, schemes, policies in India alongside socio-political factors that shaped urban planning.
- 💡Key learning outcomes include ability to list acts chronologically and analyze evolution of the planning system over time.
- 📋Suggested further study materials provided at end for exploring additional aspects not covered given the session's scope.
- 🤝 Session concludes with invitation for discussion, questions, and co-learning among participants and instructor.
- 👍 Overall, the session offers a broad introductory overview of key urban planning legislation in the Indian context over 150+ years.
Q & A
What was the Sanitary Commission organized to address in 1864?
-The Sanitary Commission was organized in February 1864 to give effect to the 39 articles and recommendations made by the commission in 1863 to deal with the problems of the army in India, including insanitary conditions.
What were some key issues with the Land Acquisition Act of 1894?
-Key issues included lack of clear definition of 'public purpose', widespread misuse of the urgency clause, lack of transparency and community participation, no provisions for rehabilitation or resettlement, weak implementation, and differing Supreme Court judgments granting broad state discretion.
What were some key recommendations of the Health Survey and Development Committee?
-Recommendations included integrating preventive and curative health services, developing primary and secondary health centers in stages, and 3 months of compulsory training in preventive/social medicine in medical education.
What was the focus of the first Five Year Plan (1951-1956)?
-The first five year plan focused on agriculture, stabilizing prices, investing in power and transportation, and rehabilitating refugees while working towards food self-sufficiency and inflation control.
What criticisms were there of the Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956?
-Criticisms were around reduced private sector expansion and increased state control through the licensing system.
What was the main objective of the Ancient Monuments Act of 1958?
-The key objective was to preserve ancient monuments, archaeological sites and remains by facilitating their acquisition and maintenance, while also restricting activities that could damage them further.
Why did the Fourth Five Year Plan (1969-1974) not meet its targeted growth rate?
-The Fourth Plan did not meet its 5.7% target due to refuge influx around the 1971 Indo-Pak war and continued inflation.
What were some impacts of the Urban Land Ceiling Act of 1976?
-Impacts included decline in vacant land prices but increased rents, increase in building heights, land speculation, uncertainty in industrial expansion, etc.
What was the focus of the Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-2007)?
-The Tenth Plan focused on monitorable targets on 11 key indicators related to literacy, infant mortality, access to drinking water etc. along with a focus on reducing gender gaps.
What were some features of the Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012-2017)?
-The twelfth plan focused on faster, more inclusive and sustainable growth with emphasis on infrastructure and formulation of key acts like the Land Acquisition Act 2013 and Real Estate Regulation Act 2016.
Outlines
😊 Overview and Timeline of Planning Legislation in India
The paragraph provides an overview of the topics to be covered related to the timeline and evolution of planning legislation in India. It mentions pre-independence acts like the Sanitary Commission, Land Acquisition Act, Bombay Improvement Trust, Patrick Geddes' visit and their influence. It also lists some post-independence acts and policies related to town planning, slum improvement, environmental acts etc. and simultaneous global interventions like MDGs and SDGs that impacted India's planning approach.
😷 Sanitary Commission, Public Health Act and Plague
The paragraph discusses the Sanitary Commission formed in 1864 based on recommendations to improve army health conditions in India. It also talks about Britain's Public Health Act of 1848 that was not compulsory and people were unwilling to pay for services. The 1896-97 Bombay Plague brought constructive changes in planning legislation by formation of the City Improvement Trust in 1898 to mitigate living condition problems.
🏘 Improvement Trusts and Rent Control Act
This paragraph discusses City Improvement Trusts formed in different Indian cities after the Bombay CIT, with the aim to improve sanitary and living conditions. It also covers the Rent Control Act of 1918 introduced in Bombay and Kolkata to prevent housing scarcity, but which also had negative impacts like poor maintenance of rental properties over time.
🚑 Health Survey and Development Committee
The paragraph summarizes the Health Survey & Development Committee formed in 1943 under Sir Joseph Bhore, which focused on integration of preventive and curative health services. It laid emphasis on strengthening rural healthcare infrastructure through Primary Health Centers and suggested changes in medical education to prepare social physicians.
🏭 Industrial Policy Resolution and Five Year Plans
This paragraph discusses significant post-independence developments like the Industrial Policy Resolution of 1948 which defined the role of state in India's mixed economic model. It also provides an overview of the Five Year Plans which started in 1951 for socio-economic development under the Planning Commission headed by the Prime Minister.
🚧 Criticism of 1956 Industrial Policy
The paragraph highlights criticism of the 1956 Industrial Policy which reduced private sector scope by bringing industries under state control through licensing. But the policy provided guidance for preparation of plans for cities, regional and industrial areas. The Slum Area Improvement & Clearance Act was also formed in 1956.
❌ Failures and Successes of Early Five Year Plans
This covers the first three Five Year Plans from 1951-66, their focus areas, growth targets and achievements. The second plan advocated imports and industrialization. The third plan failed to meet targets due to the 1962 Indo-China war and drought leading to a Plan Holiday period during 1966-69 with focus on agriculture.
🖼️ Urban Art Commission and Annual Plans
The paragraph discusses other key developments like the Delhi Urban Art Commission Act 1973 to enhance urban environments, Annual Plan periods from 1966-69 due to third plan failures which focused on agriculture, the fourth and fifth plans and their unique crisis during the plan periods along with the Urban Land Ceiling Act 1976.
🚧 Model Regional Planning Acts
This paragraph covers the sixth, seventh and two year rolling plan during 1978-80 by different governments and their areas of focus. The Town and Country Planning Organisation formulated model planning laws in 1960 and 1985 for the states. The seventh plan focused on environment leading to the Environment Protection Act 1986.
💰 Economic Reforms, MDGs and SDGs
It discusses eighth and ninth five year plan periods that focused on economic reforms and liberalization along with growth and equality. It also maps the introduction of global development agendas like MDGs in 2000 and SDGs in 2016 which impacted India's planning approach. The Disaster Management Act 2005 also came in during this time after the 2004 tsunami.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Sanitary Commission
💡Town Planning Acts
💡Slum Clearance
💡Five Year Plans
💡Model Town Planning Acts
💡Constitutional Amendments
💡Land Acquisition Act
💡Smart Cities Mission
💡Sustainable Development Goals
💡URDPFI Guidelines
Highlights
Reviewed pre-independence and post-independence acts related to urban planning in India
Looked at the Sanitary Commission, Land Acquisition Act, Bombay Improvement Trust Act, Rent Control Act, and other key acts
Discussed the influence of Sir Patrick Geddes's visit to India and his push for comprehensive city plans and legislation
Covered the 5-year economic plans starting from 1951 and their impact on urban planning
Highlighted the Slum Area Improvement and Clearance Act of 1956
Discussed the Ancient Monuments Act to preserve sites and restrict property rights
Looked at the push for industrialization and state control in the 1950s
Covered the failure to meet targets in the 3rd 5-year plan due to wars and drought
Discussed the Delhi Urban Arts Commission Act to enhance urban environments
Highlighted the Urban Land Ceiling Act to limit vacant land ownership
Covered liberalization in the 1990s and economic reforms
Discussed the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments related to local governance
Highlighted the Disaster Management Act of 2005
Covered the push for faster and more inclusive growth in later 5-year plans
Discussed the Land Acquisition Act of 2013 and its attempts to address prior issues
Transcripts
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