AP World History UNIT 2 REVIEW—1200-1450

Heimler's History
26 Sept 201909:21
EducationalLearning
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TLDRThis video script offers a comprehensive review of Unit 2 in AP World History, focusing on the intercontinental trade routes between 1200 and 1450. It compares the Silk Roads, Indian Ocean routes, and trans-Saharan network, highlighting their similarities such as reliance on large states for protection and the exchange of cultural goods, including religions and technologies. The script also delves into their differences, including the types of goods traded, unique technologies developed, and the distinct religions that spread along each route. The impact of these trade networks on culture and the environment is discussed, with a special emphasis on the Mongol Empire's role in facilitating trade and shaping the political landscape.

Takeaways
  • 🌐 The major trade routes between 1200 to 1450 were the Silk Roads, the Indian Ocean routes, and the trans-Saharan Network, each connecting different parts of Afro-Eurasia.
  • 🔒 Large states played a crucial role in the establishment and flourishing of these trade routes by providing safety and security for merchants.
  • 💡 The trade routes facilitated the development and exchange of new technologies, such as the magnetic compass, lateen sail, and saddles for camels and horses.
  • 🛠️ Trade routes had both primary purposes and secondary consequences, with the latter including cultural exchanges and the spread of religions.
  • 🌱 The introduction of new crops through trade, like Champa rice in China and bananas in East Africa, had significant impacts on local populations and agriculture.
  • 🏙️ The convergence of trade routes led to the growth of major trading cities such as Shangqian in China, Calicut in India, and Timbuktu in Mali.
  • 📦 Each trade route specialized in carrying different kinds of goods: luxury items on the Silk Roads, common goods on the Indian Ocean routes, and specific goods like horses and slaves on the trans-Saharan routes.
  • 🚢 Maritime technology advancements on the Indian Ocean routes included the astrolabe, magnetic compass, stern post rudder, and the lateen sail.
  • 🕉️ Religions spread along the trade routes, with Buddhism and Islam traveling the Silk Roads, Christianity from the Mediterranean Basin, and Islam in the trans-Saharan routes.
  • 🌍 Cultural exchanges extended beyond material goods and included the spread of ideas, languages, and the opening of people's imaginations to distant places.
  • 🦠 Trade routes also had environmental and health consequences, including the spread of diseases like the Black Death, which significantly transformed the societies it touched.
Q & A

  • What were the major trade routes during the period 1200 to 1450?

    -The major trade routes during this period were the Silk Roads, the Indian Ocean routes, and the trans-Saharan Network.

  • How did the establishment of large states contribute to the flourishing of these trade routes?

    -The establishment of large states provided safety and protection for merchants, allowing them to travel and trade without constant fear of attacks, thus facilitating the flourishing of these trade routes.

  • What new technologies emerged from these trade routes that helped in the transportation of goods?

    -New technologies such as the magnetic compass, the lateen sail, saddles for camels and horses, and the sternpost runner were developed, which made trade more efficient and profitable.

  • What was the primary purpose of these trade routes and what were some secondary consequences?

    -The primary purpose of these trade routes was to facilitate the exchange of goods. Secondary consequences included the spread of religions, cultural exchanges, and the introduction of new crops to different regions.

  • How did the Silk Road, Indian Ocean routes, and trans-Saharan routes differ in terms of the goods they specialized in?

    -The Silk Roads mainly facilitated the trade of luxury goods like silk and porcelain. The Indian Ocean routes transported more common goods along with luxury items, such as spices and rice. The trans-Saharan routes specialized in goods like horses, salt, gold, and slaves.

  • What specific technologies were developed for each of these trade routes to facilitate trade?

    -The Silk Roads saw the development of saddles and caravanserais. The Indian Ocean routes contributed maritime technologies like the astrolabe, magnetic compass, stern post rudder, and the lateen sail. The trans-Saharan routes did not have specific technologies mentioned in the script.

  • Which religions traveled along these trade routes and how did this impact the regions they reached?

    -Buddhism traveled from South Asia to East and Southeast Asia along the Silk Roads. Neo-Confucianism went from China to Japan, Korea, and Vietnam. Islam spread from Southwest Asia to South Asia and along the Indian Ocean routes. Christianity traveled from the Mediterranean Basin. This led to significant religious and cultural changes in the regions they reached.

  • What were some cultural consequences of the trade along these routes?

    -The spread of Zen Buddhism in China, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam, the conversion of Bantu-speaking tribes to Islam leading to the birth of the Swahili language, and the opening of people's imaginations to places beyond their own, as seen through the travels of Ibn Battuta and Marco Polo.

  • What environmental consequences did the trade routes have?

    -The introduction of new crops like Champa rice in China and bananas in Africa had significant impacts on population and migration. However, the trade routes also facilitated the spread of diseases, most notably the Black Death, which had devastating effects on populations across Afro-Eurasia.

  • How did the Mongols contribute to the interconnectivity of trade routes and what was their cultural legacy?

    -The Mongols, under the leadership of Genghis Khan, established the largest land-based empire in history, creating the Pax Mongolia or Peace of the Mongols, which allowed for the flourishing of trade between the Middle East, Asia, Africa, and Europe. Their cultural legacy was minor in terms of religion or economic structure, but they influenced the centralization of power and state formation in many regions after their empire fell.

  • What was the Pax Mongolia and how did it impact trade and the spread of diseases?

    -The Pax Mongolia, or the Peace of the Mongols, was a period of relative security established by the Mongol Empire due to their vast control over large territories. This peace allowed for the flourishing of trade between different regions and the quickening spread of the Black Death, which had significant consequences on the populations it reached.

  • How did the trade along these routes lead to the growth of trading cities?

    -The convergence of multiple trade routes in certain locations led to the growth of major trading cities. For example, the Silk Road trade network led to the commercial city of Shangqian in China, the Indian Ocean trade routes resulted in the growth of Calicut in India and the Sri Vijaya kingdom in Southeast Asia, and the trans-Saharan routes contributed to the massive growth of Timbuktu and Mali.

Outlines
00:00
🌐 Overview of Trade Routes and Their Impact

This paragraph introduces the topic of intercontinental trade routes during the period 1200 to 1450, highlighting the Silk Roads, Indian Ocean routes, and trans-Saharan Network. It discusses the importance of large states in establishing and protecting these routes, which in turn facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and technologies. The paragraph emphasizes the role of safety in promoting trade and the resulting cultural and technological advancements, such as the magnetic compass, lateen sail, and the spread of crops like Champa rice and bananas. It also touches on the growth of trading cities at the intersections of these routes, like Shangqian in China, Calicut in India, and Timbuktu in Mali.

05:00
📦 Specialization and Religious Exchange in Trade Routes

The second paragraph delves into the specialization of the three major trade routes, noting differences in the types of goods transported, the technological innovations unique to each route, and the religions that spread along them. The Silk Roads primarily facilitated the trade of luxury items, the Indian Ocean routes handled more common goods, and the trans-Saharan routes specialized in certain goods like horses and salt. Technological advancements varied by route, with the Silk Roads contributing innovations like the caravanserai, and the Indian Ocean routes developing navigational aids and maritime technology. The paragraph also discusses the spread of religions such as Buddhism, neo-Confucianism, and Islam, and how these routes facilitated religious exchange and cultural integration.

Mindmap
Keywords
💡Intercontinental Trade Routes
Intercontinental trade routes refer to the extensive networks that facilitated the exchange of goods and ideas across different continents during specific historical periods. In the context of the video, these include the Silk Roads, the Indian Ocean routes, and the trans-Saharan Network, which connected various regions such as China, Europe, Central Asia, and Africa, enabling economic and cultural exchanges. These routes were crucial for the spread of technologies, religions, and crops, profoundly impacting the societies they connected.
💡Silk Roads
The Silk Roads were a network of trade routes connecting the East and the West, starting from China and extending to Europe. These routes were not only significant for the trade of silk, from which they derive their name, but also for the exchange of various goods, ideas, and technologies. They played a pivotal role in the cultural and economic development of the regions they connected and facilitated the movement of religions such as Buddhism and Islam, as well as the spread of innovations like the magnetic compass and the lateen sail.
💡Indian Ocean Routes
The Indian Ocean Routes refer to the maritime trade networks that connected East Asia with East Africa, incorporating Southeast Asia and Southwest Asia. These routes were vital for the exchange of goods, including common items like rice and textiles, as well as luxury products. The development of new maritime technologies, such as the astrolabe and the lateen sail, was facilitated by the demands of trade along these routes. Additionally, they played a significant role in the spread of religions like Christianity and Islam, and the cultural integration of the regions they connected.
💡Trans-Saharan Network
The Trans-Saharan Network refers to the trade routes that connected North Africa and the Mediterranean Basin with sub-Saharan Africa. These routes were essential for the exchange of goods, such as salt, gold, and slaves, and played a significant role in the cultural and economic development of the African continent. The video emphasizes the importance of these routes in facilitating trade and the growth of cities like Timbuktu and Mali, which became major centers of commerce and learning.
💡Technological Innovations
Technological innovations refer to the new methods, tools, or techniques that are developed to improve a process or achieve a task more efficiently. In the video, technological innovations are highlighted as a result of the need for efficient trade along the various routes. These innovations include the magnetic compass, the lateen sail, the sternpost rudder, and the development of the saddles for camels and horses, which allowed for more effective transportation of goods and the spread of ideas.
💡Cultural Exchange
Cultural exchange is the process by which ideas, customs, and social behaviors are shared between different cultures. In the context of the video, cultural exchange is a significant consequence of the trade routes, as merchants, missionaries, and travelers brought their religions, languages, and cultural practices to new regions. This exchange led to the spread of religions like Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam, and the development of new cultural forms, such as the Swahili language, which is a mixture of Arabic and Bantu.
💡Religious Spread
Religious spread refers to the process by which a religion extends its influence and community to new regions or among new groups of people. In the video, the trade routes are depicted as conduits for the spread of various religions, including Buddhism from South Asia to East and Southeast Asia, Christianity from the Mediterranean Basin, and Islam from Southwest Asia to sub-Saharan Africa. This religious dissemination was a significant aspect of the cultural exchanges facilitated by the trade networks.
💡Trading Cities
Trading cities are urban centers that develop and thrive due to their strategic locations along trade routes, where the exchange of goods and ideas is particularly intense. In the video, the growth of trading cities such as Shangqian in China, Calicut in India, and the kingdoms of Sri Vijaya in Southeast Asia and Timbuktu and Mali in Africa is attributed to their positions at the convergence of major trade routes. These cities became hubs of commerce, culture, and technology, significantly influencing the economic and social development of the regions they served.
💡Environmental Consequences
Environmental consequences refer to the changes or impacts on the natural environment resulting from human activities. In the context of the video, the environmental consequences of trade include the introduction of new crops like Champa rice to China, which led to a population explosion, and the spread of diseases such as the Black Death, which had devastating effects on populations across Afro-Eurasia. These consequences demonstrate the profound and lasting impact that trade networks had on the ecosystems and societies they connected.
💡Mongol Empire
The Mongol Empire was a vast empire established by Genghis Khan that at its height stretched across much of Afro-Eurasia. Known for its military prowess and brutal conquests, the Mongol Empire also facilitated extensive trade and communication between different regions, leading to what is known as the Pax Mongolia or the Peace of the Mongols. This period of relative stability allowed for the flourishing of trade and cultural exchanges, but also contributed to the spread of diseases like the Black Death.
💡Cultural Legacy
Cultural legacy refers to the lasting impact or influence of a civilization or historical period on subsequent generations, including the customs, beliefs, and practices that are passed down. While the Mongol Empire did not leave behind a new religion or economic system, its cultural legacy is seen in the way it influenced the formulation of states after its fall. The centralization of power techniques used by the Mongols were adopted by various states in Asia, Europe, and South Asia to consolidate their own power, demonstrating the enduring influence of the Mongol Empire on political structures.
Highlights

The major trade routes during 1200 to 1450 were the Silk Roads, the Indian Ocean routes, and the trans-Saharan Network.

The Silk Roads connected China to Europe through Central Asia and Southwest Asia.

The Indian Ocean routes connected East Asia with East Africa, and included Southeast Asia and Southwest Asia.

The trans-Saharan routes linked North Africa and the Mediterranean Basin with sub-Saharan Africa.

Trade routes flourished with the protection of large states, such as the Mongols who controlled the Silk Roads.

New technologies were developed to improve trade efficiency, including the magnetic compass, lateen sail, and saddles for camels and horses.

Trade routes facilitated not only the exchange of goods but also cultural and religious interactions.

The introduction of new crops through trade led to significant changes, such as the population explosion in China due to Champa rice.

Trading cities grew at the convergence of major trade routes, like Shangqian in China and Timbuktu in Mali.

Each trade route specialized in different goods; the Silk Roads in luxury items, the Indian Ocean in common goods, and the trans-Saharan in specific commodities like salt and slaves.

Technological advancements varied by route, with the Silk Roads developing saddles and caravanserais, and the Indian Ocean routes improving maritime technology.

Religions spread along trade routes, with Buddhism and Islam traveling the Silk Roads, Christianity along the Mediterranean, and Islam in the trans-Saharan.

Cultural consequences of trade included the spread of Zen Buddhism and the birth of the Swahili language.

Travelers like Ibn Battuta and Marco Polo expanded the cultural horizons of their societies and stimulated desire for exotic goods.

Environmental consequences included the spread of diseases like the Black Death, which originated in China and devastated Afro-Eurasia.

The Mongols established the largest land-based empire in history, known for their military conquests and the Pax Mongolia.

The Mongols' centralization of power influenced the formation of states after their empire's fall.

Unit 2 of AP World History covers the period's trade routes, their impact on technology, culture, and the environment, and the significance of the Mongols.

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